The blood that runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries is known as whole blood, a mixture of about 55 percent plasma and 45 percent blood cells. About 7 to 8 percent of your total body weight is blood. An average-sized man has about 12 pints of blood in his body and an average-sized woman has about 9 pints. Many people have undergone blood tests or donated blood, but hematology, the study of blood, encompasses much more than this. Doctors who specialize in hematology (hematologists) are leading the many advances being made in the treatment and prevention of blood diseases. If you or someone you care about is diagnosed with a blood disorder, your primary care physician may refer you to a hematologist for further testing and treatment.
The liquid component of blood is called plasma, a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein and salts. The main job of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting, proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones and proteins that help maintain the body’s fluid balance. Red blood cells also called erythrocytes or RBCs are known for their bright red colour, red cells are the most abundant cell in the blood, accounting 40-45 percent of its volume. The shape of a red blood cell is a biconcave disk with a flattened center. Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin; a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow and after approximately seven days of maturation is released into the bloodstream. Unlike many other cells, red blood cells have no nucleus and easily change shape, helping them fit through the various blood vessels in your body. However, lack of nucleus makes a red blood cell more flexible, it also limits the life of the cell as it travels through the smallest blood vessels, damaging the cell’s membranes and depleting its energy supplies.
Red cells contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can exhaled. Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells which get their colour from the haemoglobin. White blood cells also known leukocytes, protect the body from infection. They are much fewer in number than red blood cells, accounting for about 1 percent of your blood. The most common type of white blood cell is the neutrophil, which is the “immediate response” cell and accounts for 55 to 70 percent of the total white blood cell count. Each neutrophil lives less than a day, so your bone marrow must constantly make new neutrophils is generally not effective since they do not remain in the body for very long.
Many classifications of anemia have been proposed and two different methods of classification are widely used. One system, based on the factor responsible for the anemia, is an ethologic classification. A second system, based on the shape and appearance of the red blood cells is a morphologic classification.
In ethological classification, anemia is based on the “bone marrow factory” concept. Anemia is classified as being caused by either inadequate production of red blood cells of excessive loss of cells. Inadequate production, in turn, may result from an insufficiency of raw materials or from factors that render the factory inoperative and no longer available to deliver enough finished products into the circulation. Examples of the latter would be marrow damage or replacement of marrow by abnormal cells. Excessive loss of red blood cells may be caused either by external blood loss or by accelerated destruction of the cells in the circulation.
While in morphologic classification, an anemia in which the cells are normal in size and appearance is called a normocytic anemia. If the cells are larger than normal, the anemia is called a macrocytic anemia. If the cells are smaller than normal, the anemia is called microcytic anemia. Many times, micricytic cells have also reduced hemoglobin content, appearance quite pale when examined under microscope here the term hypochromic anemia is used. Often the latter two terms are combined and the anemia is called a hypochromic microcytic anemia. Classification of anemia on the basis of red blood cell appearance is useful because the appearance of the cells provides a clue to the etiology.
The symptoms for anemias are easily fatigue and tired. They will appear pale and develop palpitations (feeling of heart racing) and certain may have short of breath. Additional symptoms would be have hair loss and malaise (general sense of feeling unwell. The treatment of the anemia varies greatly. First, the underlying cause of the anemia should be identified and corrected. For example, anemia as a result of blood loss from a stomach ulcer should begin with medications to heal the ulcer. Likewise, surgery is often necessary to remove a colon cancer that is causing chronic blood loss and anemia. Sometimes iron supplements will also be needed to correct iron deficiency. In severe anemia, blood transfusions may be necessary. Vitamin B12 injections will be necessary for patients suffering from pernicious anemia or other causes of B12 deficiency.
Anemia is caused by deficiency of vitamin B12, iron and folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia is caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 or cobalamin. Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed in the small intestine by the intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and carries B12 to the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 is excreted in the stool. Vitamin B12 in the diet comes only from animal resources. Strict vegetarian who avoid all animal products including milk, cheese, eggs and meat will develop pernicious anemia unless they take B12 supplements.
Other causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include abnormal bacterial growth that prevents absorption, diseases that result in mala absorption, such as Crohn’s disease and removal of part of the stomach or small intestine where vitamin B12 is absorbed. The signs of pernicious anemia are a low red blood cell count, disturbances of the nervous system, peculiar yellow and blue color blindness, a sore burning tongue, weight loss and confusion.
Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of anemia. Normally the body recycles iron. When red blood cells die, the iron in them is returned to the bone marrow to be used again in formation of new red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia can result from excessive blood loss from an ulcer, malignant lesions or monthly menstrual bleed. A diet deficient in iron may cause this anemia especially in infants, children and pregnant women. Iron deficiency causes the red blood cells to appear lighter than normal or hypochromic. Hemoglobin is a protein containing iron and serves as the oxygen-carrier protein giving blood its characteristic color.
The first step in treating iron deficiency anemia is to identify and correct the cause of bleeding. Surgery may be required to repair a bleeding ulcer or to stop excessive menstrual bleeding. Oral and injectable iron supplements are effective in replacing the lost iron. Folic acid is found in raw vegetables, fresh fruits, and meat. Folic acid deficiency is most common in the western world where consumption of raw vegetables is low. Other causes of folic acid deficiency include malabsorption due to chronic diseases, alcoholism, pregnancy and use of certain medications.
There are a lot of people who are suffering of anemia. One of them shared their story, the first story from a young female, “I had probably been living with anemia for years without knowing it. I was always cold, but otherwise felt OK. I would get fatigued, but I thought it was just hormonal and I needed to be more active, so I'd run a few blocks during my lunch break. Nothing seemed to help. Sometimes I'd get up at night to go to the bathroom and get so dizzy; I'd have to lie down on the floor for a few minutes before crawling back into bed. I attributed it to low blood pressure and premenopausal symptoms. I put myself on a high nutritional diet, took more B vitamins, and watched the carbohydrates and exercised more. I was actually feeling quite good and energetic when I went in to have blood work done prior to having a piece of glass surgically removed from my foot. It was at that time the doctor announced my blood count was at 8 and I had low blood calcium levels and this was months after I came back to feel "dandy" after increasing vitamin B and iron intake. I wonder how low it must have gone.”
The second story is from a middle age woman, “I was suffering from anemia all my childhood. It came back heavily when I was pregnant. I took pills, iron, vitamins, and injections, nothing helped. I was told by a stranger to drink lots of fresh beetroot juice and sour red beetroot liquid. This is not the same as pickled beetroots. The fresh, raw slices of beetroots have to be put into a jar, with cold water, a few cloves of garlic and a piece of bread crust. The jar has to be covered but not closed. After a few days of fermentation, the water will turn red and should be ready to be used. Drink at least a glass of this liquid a day. This natural medication makes miracles. After a few days of drinking it, plus eating a lot of fresh vegetables you will be full of energy and your anemia will be gone. I have tried it many times; it saved me from severe anemia and its symptoms. Red beetroot has powerful ability to increase blood cells and cure various diseases connected with blood, also cancer. It's natural, powerful medication.”
And the last story is “I was suffering from anemia all my childhood. It came back heavily when I was pregnant. I took pills, iron, vitamins, and injections, nothing helped. I was told by a stranger to drink lots of fresh beetroot juice and sour red beetroot liquid. This is not the same as pickled beetroots. The fresh, raw slices of beetroots have to be put into a jar, with cold water, a few cloves of garlic and a piece of bread crust. The jar has to be covered but not closed. After a few days of fermentation, the water will turn red and should be ready to be used. Drink at least a glass of this liquid a day. This natural medication makes miracles. After a few days of drinking it, plus eating a lot of fresh vegetables you will be full of energy and your anemia will be gone. I have tried it many times; it saved me from severe anemia and its symptoms. Red beetroot has powerful ability to increase blood cells and cure various diseases connected with blood, also cancer. It's natural, powerful medication.”
Views from the international scholar; one view from William C. Shiel Jr., sickle cell anemia (sickle cell disease) is a disorder of the blood caused by inherited abnormal haemoglobin (an oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). The abnormal haemoglobin causes distorted (sickled) red blood cells. The sickled red blood cells are fragile and prone to rupture. When the number of red blood cells decreases from rupture (haemolysis), anemia is the result. This condition is referred to as sickle cell anemia. The irregular sickled cells can also block blood vessels causing tissue and organ damage and pain.
Sickle cell anemia is one of the most common inherited blood anemias. The disease primarily affects Africans and African Americans. It is estimated that in the United States, some 50,000 African Americans are afflicted with the most severe form of sickle cell anemia. Overall, current estimates are that one in 1,875 U.S. African American is affected with sickle cell anemia.
The other view is from Ellis Neufeld, anemia is one of the most common pediatric disorders. Here, Children’s Hospital Boston hematologist Ellis Neufeld, MD, PhD, talks about screening for anemia and clues that pediatricians can look for when trying to determine the type and cause. In otherwise healthy children, iron deficiency is still by far the most common. Mild anemia can accompany any systemic illness, including trivial intercurrent viruses. Patients with any inflammatory state can have anemia of inflammation, previously known as "anemia of chronic disease." Anemias are most easily classified by cell size (low, normal or large) as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. Iron deficiency, lead poisoning and thalassemia states are the most common microcytic anemias. Normocytic anemia can be a sign of systemic illness (liver, thyroid or kidney, for example), bleeding, hemolysis or inflammation. Macrocytic anemia is often caused by a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12, medications, especially chemotherapy agents and some seizure drugs, ethanol, or congenital or acquired marrow failure syndromes.
One verse of ayah in the Al-Quran, “Then We made the Nutfah into a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood), then We made the clot into a little lump of flesh, then We made out of that little lump of flesh bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, and then We brought it forth as another creation. So Blessed is Allah, the Best of creators” (Surah Al-Mukminun 23:14) It describe the stages of embryo development as stated in the Holy Quran. On the basis of this text and other Muslim scholars conclude that total ensoulment occurs at 120 days post-conception, when God says, “then we brought it forth as another creation”. In my opinion, anemia is a disease that is caused by the lack of red blood cell and haemoglobin in a body. Anemias will be easily tired from a normal person. Furthermore, anemias will not be able to stand the coldness of the surrounding. Their nails will become pale; purple in colour, their eyes will show some paleness too. In curing anemia, anemias will have to eat a lot of Iron, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid to build up the red blood cell in their body. Food that is rich in Iron, for example red meat, wheat bread, potatoes skin, oyster and liver. While Vitamin B12 are rich in eggs, milk, red meat and shellfish.
Conclusion is anemia is a medical condition in which the red blood cell count or haemoglobinis less than normal. The normal level of haemoglobin is generally different in males and females. Any process that can disrupt the normal life span of a red blood cell may cause anemia. Normal life span of a red blood cell is typically around 120 days. Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Anemia is caused essentially through two basic pathways. Anemia is caused by either a decrease in production of red blood cells or haemoglobin or an increase in loss or destruction of red blood cells.
The red blood cells are the most common type of cells in the blood. We each have millions and millions of these little disc-shaped cells. The RBC count is done to determine if the number of red blood cells is low (anemia) or high (polycythemia). Haemoglobin is a red pigment that imparts the familiar red colour to red blood cells and to blood. Functionally, haemoglobin is the key chemical compound that combines with oxygen from the lungs and carries the oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. Oxygen is essential for all cells in the body to produce energy.
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