VEGETABLE FARMING

     
          Vegetable farming is the growing of vegetables that is use for human consumption. Mostly, people who involve in this kind of farming are tend to make some business and upgrade the level of production in vegetables. In the past, farming is done in the soil in small blocks, usually for the consumption of the farm; excess crops will be sold in the nearby town for living. As we can see, vegetable farming has been practice a long time ago. In North America, they have been using the Three Sisters method. In one technique known as companion method, the three crops are planted close together (squash, maize and climbing beans). Flat-topped mound is about 30 cm high and 50 cm wide, and several maize seeds are planted close together in the center of each mound. The three crops benefits each other which is the maize provides a structure for the beans to climb, eliminating the need for poles. Meanwhile the beans provide nitrogen to the soil that the other plants utilize and the squash spreads along the ground, blocking the sunlight, helping prevent established weeds. Furthermore, squash leaves also act as a “living mulch”, creating a microclimate to retain moisture in the soil, and the prickly hairs of the vine deter pests. Maize lacks the amino acids lysine and tryptophan, which the human body needs to make proteins and niacin, but the beans contain both and therefore maize and beans together provide a balanced diet.
         In Malaysia, the most popular spot for not just farming but also a holiday destination would be Cameroon Highland, Pahang. With only the size of Singapore, it occupies the area of 712 square kilometres (275 sq mi) in the Titiwangsa Mountains. With the temperature of below 25 degree Celsius at the day while as low as 9 degree Celsius on the night, it become a perfect spot for strawberry, tea plantation, grapes, apples, tomatoes and other vegetables.  Discovered in 1885, it consists of three distinct namely Ringlet, Tanah Rata and Ulu Telom. Ringlet is the first first town in Cameroon Highland from Tapah.  It is a hub of Malaysia’s vegetables farming and international flower farming sector. Meanwhile Tanah Rata is the flat ground in Malay and it refers the relatively flat area on which the town is located amidst this highland region. It is the biggest town in the Cameroon Highlands and contains the most number of facilities and amenities, including the distinct council and the main hospital in Cameroon Highlands. Besides that, vegetables farming nowadays have all kind of method, aquaculture, which it did not use soil but water with nutrient that the plant needs. Aquaculture also known as aquafarming which is for aquatic organism and aquatic plant. It involve cultivating freshwater culture and saltwater populations under controlled conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish.

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       Moreover vegetable farming also is a way to get our own supply of vegetables without going to the market, search for a parking spot in the crowd where people buy their groceries or else, we just have to farm at beside or at the back of our house, and about a couple of months, the result or outcome can be observe. Furthermore to produce your own vegetables crop is not so hard, we just have to supply the vegetable plant with good soil, but normal soil also can be use. Then we should water the plant to keep it get enough nutrient to grow. But we in Malaysia, that would be necessary because in Malaysian have a lots of rain during every year, so it is an advantages. And that is why we have to learn on producing vegetables on our own.
            The reason I choose this topic because I want to know more about vegetable farming in Malaysia. In these days vegetable farming is such a great business for those who are excellent in this field and can gain lots of cash due to the price of vegetable that keep increasing day by day. Besides that, while making investigation on this topic, I would be able to learn what is the best way to grow vegetables in front of our front or back door. Moreover this topic interest me a lot about agriculture farming which they did not use soil to produce vegetables but only use water with nutrient to make the plant grow and its very effective because the insect such as ants cannot get to the plant because it is covered with water. It is what farmer have been searching for years to keep their plant save from insect. Next we as a Malaysian have the advantage because our country frequently have rain unlike other country such as Africa or Russia. So Malaysian should be trained to learn how to grow their own vegetable. Other than that, vegetables is our vital component in our food pyramid. So want or not we have to take vegetable as in our daily diet to keep our body healthy and strong to get through our day.
Vegetables also have the ability to keep our eye have a clear vision. Vitamin E in carrot vegetable assist in keeping a sixty year old person see without any spectacles. Next, when we able to produce varieties and high quality of vegetable, our country does not have to import any vegetables from outside company, thus the our expense budget can be reduce and more of our pills with by using the lady finger vegetables. In this story, it is proven that vegetables keeps ones healthy and even making ones lifespan long. Other than that, by choosing this topic, I will be able to know by doing research about vegetables in Malaysia, such in Cameroon Highland. Besides, vegetables contain lots if vitamin that can assist us in our life, so by knowing which vitamin and which vegetables that contain the vitamin can increase our knowledge and help us in avoiding deceases that can affect our body if we did not take enough of the vitamins.



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         References or surah that can be refer in these topic is in surah An’ am 6:14 which stated : It is He Who produce the garden, with trellises and without and dates and tilt with the produce of all kinds and olives and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in variety) : eat of their fruit in their season but to render the dues that are proper on the day that the harvest is gathered. But waste not by excess: for Allah love not the wasters. Next in surah Ra’ d 13:4 which said : And in the earth are tracts (diverse though) neighboring and garden of vines and fields sown with corn and palm trees – growing out of single roots or otherwise : watered with the same water, yet some of them We make more excellent than others to eat. Behold, verily in these there are signs for those who understand. Other than that, in surah Nahl 16:11 also said that With it He produces for you corn, olives, date-palms and every kind of fruit: verily in this is a sign for those who give thought. Besides that there are also a hadith about squash that said ,squash is among the vegetables mentioned by the prophet Muhammad SAW. A hadith from Bukhari quotes that Ibn Malik said,” a tailor invited the Prophet  SAW to a meal that he had prepared, and I went along with the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The tailor presented barley bread and soup containing gourd and cured meat. I saw the Prophet Muhammad SAW picking the pieces of gourd around the dish, and since then I have kept on liking gourd.”

    The impact of vegetable farming is when most of the Malaysian know how to produce vegetables crops by themselves, they even do not have to buy it in the market so that they can save their expenses. Moreover, when the knowledge of vegetable farming in our country increase, we could become the country that can produce high quality of vegetables and import it to the other country. Thus we can generate more revenue and bring the name of Malaysia to a whole new level. Moreover, the impact of vegetables farming in our country is farming can be the main revenue generator. Then the government will spent a lot of cash on farming technology in order to increase the production of vegetables. Then, when all the people can produce vegetables on their own, the price will be decreases. Next, when vegetable farming became one of the top revenue for the country, the water supply of the country must be upgrade. As we know, the water supply is essential for irrigation is essential for vegetables production and its quality will be determine the area and crops that can be grown. Supply must be reliable and typical water sources include rivers or streams, channel, ground water and farm dams. For vegetable crop, generally around 6 megalitres is required from planting to harvest.



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        An increasingly vital source of water in some production areas is the use of recycled water. This is different than the grey water because it has been treated to bring it back up to potable standards so it is safe to use for vegetable production. Different classes of water have different rules attached as to what they can be used for. Recycled water may have higher levels of salts and this will require careful management depending on the crop. Water quality should be tested no matter what the source if you are considering buying a property to grow vegetables and you are unsure of the quality of the water available. Tolerance of crops to salt levels varies considerably for example beans are much less salt tolerant than broccoli.

   The motivation factor of vegetables farming is to have a campaign on vegetable farming to promote it to the whole public and get involve in it. Second, vegetable farming is so quick to be harvest. The duration of the plant to harvest is short, so more vegetables crops can be produce in a year. Moreover, in this kind of century, vegetable farming is not been treated as the way it was back then, It is not just for support the living of the poor one but now, vegetable farming has been treated as an advantage for who can produce it well because fresh vegetables in these days is quiet costing money. So for those who can produce their own vegetables can save their cost and also money.

    Next, we also can attract people especially for those who are poor by providing a shelter for them near the vegetable farm and ask them to harvest and guard the farm for us. Besides that we also can provide free training fee for those who want to learn to grow vegetables on their own. Furthermore, more television commercial must be display so that the public know about the campaign. Other than that, in the class, they have make farming as the additional subject so that everyone even our kids know about vegetables crops. Furthermore, raise the price of vegetables crops also can be use. In this trick, when the people realize that the cost of vegetable is high, then less number of people willing to buy while others will try to plant their own vegetables.




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Islamic scholars view:
    In Cordoba, al-Shauqundi speaks of 500 norias on the Guadalquivir. Some are still in use, as at La Nora, six km from Murcia city, where  although the original wheel has been replace by a steel stone, ancient system is otherwise virtually unchanged. In general, these Islamic irrigation technique that were transferred to Spain were adapted to specific natural condition. The Muslim, Forbes holds, should be credited with important developments of irrigation in the Western Mediterranean. They did not just extend the irrigated area in Spain and Sicily, but also knew how to drain drivers and how to irrigate their fields by systems of branch channel with an efficient distribution of the available water. They also captured rainwater in trenches on the sides of hills or as it ran down mountain gorges or into valley which is surface water was taken from the springs, brooks, river and oases, whilst underground water was tapped by creating new springs, or digging wells.
Western scholars view:
    According to Bolen, was owned to the adaptation of agrarian technique to local needs, and to “a spectacular cultural union of scientific knowledge from the past and the present, from the Near East, the Maghreb, and Andalusia. A culmination subtler than a simple accumulation of technique, it has been enduring ecological success, proven by the course of human history. “A variety of fertilizers were used according to a well-advanced methodology. Soil from erosion was, as Bolen explains ”the golden rule of ecology” and was “subject to laws of scrupulous careful ecology.
 My view: From my view, people are very creative in order to find some food, such as long time ago, there is nothing that u can do about it to keep the continuity of the human being.

Conclusion:
In short, vegetable farming is very important in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and to guarantee that the name of Malaysia would be rise whole over the world. Besides we also should get the people to take part in the campaign or activity with an objective to increase the number of farmers.

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MEDIA IN TELEVISION

       In this modern era, humans all over the world use media as their way of communicating. Majority of the people in the world use media and only minority of humans used letters and all kind of ways. Nowadays, media has been used every day, every minute, every second. People use media in television to give all the information that the people need to know. Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. Media programmes give impacts and people listen to them.
       Media has lot of responsibility on its shoulders as today's society is very much influenced by the role of media. People believe in what media projects to them. People change their minds according to the information provided through it. In the past when the media was not so strong people were quite ignorant about what is happening around them. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us. People have the access to all the international news channels that provide them the facts and figures. People should use their brain to think carefully about what the media is talking about.
       Media in television is a way of communicating news or information and a way of expressing something through television which are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In other words media is the source of information and communication. Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. Media in television have reach a large audience which is more than billions of people.
       News in television media let the people to be aware about things that are happening whether it is a good thing or not. Media work to educate the people, to help the people and to liberate the people and to empower the people. Media in television gives much information needed by human beings. Media has the responsibility to educate people in a positive way. It has the responsibility to give fair analysis and information. Television is considered as a mirror of a nation's personality. It can recall the past, dwell upon the present and peep into the future of a society. This role of television is all the more relevant to a country like India, having continental dimensions and innumerable diversities.

       Media could give impacts to humans whether it is positive impacts or negative impacts. The positive impacts are humans can easily get the information and news about the world in seconds. They will never miss what is happening in the country and in the world. They will know many things. Media can transform the whole society especially in developing countries. However, media in television can also give negative impacts to the people. Sometimes, media does not portray the real things happened in the world.
       Media should portray the real facts. They should not transform the reality. Media plays a very important role in the building of a society. Media has changed the societies of world so much that we can't ignore its importance. The growth in television both in technology and reach in the last three decades has been phenomenal. It was basically conceived as a mass medium and a mass educator for its large population scattered in remote and culturally diverse areas.
        The importance of media is to spread and disseminate the message across to a wider audience. Many people will know about the message. Next, it provides free publicity and exposure for not only your news, announcement, event or request but for a group or organisation as well. Besides, it can help establish a group as "legitimate", and its activities as important or notable. Gaining coverage in the media is a great way of providing a group and its activities with greater credibility and that has a lot to do with the thought processes of the public which monitor and "consume" the media each day.
       Viewers who find out about something in the media automatically place a greater level of credibility to it than if they saw it in a paid advertisement. Moreover, media can increase someone’s profile among the general public. Media coverage can build someone’s profile in the community, which means may be able to attract more members, donors, fundraisers, supporters, helpers and many more. There is no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a major tool in television.
      It is a very powerful persuasive mass communication medium.  How and why we make use of this tool will determine the effectiveness of this tool to enhance the development process. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment. Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. They should use television media to add information to their own good.  The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society.

       Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way. For example, a live telecast of a national event such as celebration of golden jubilee year of independence, or launching of a satellite, offers meaning to the events that no amount of reading or still pictures or even films could match. However, this incomparable quality of reality and immediacy is not found in all television programmes, especially those programmes which are prepared specifically for education purposes.
      In a country like India where population and illiteracy are the burning problems, electronic media provides tremendous reach for disseminating audio-visual information even in remote areas. India has diverse cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, medium like television can play a very important role in developing common understanding among the people and bringing them closer. It opens up the prospects of educating villagers in the remotest areas, in the affairs of the nation and associating them in the task of development, along with creating wider vision of the world.
       Saxena says, "Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity and a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviour. The small screen has indeed turned out to be large enough to compress, within itself, India's tremendous cultural diversity over a rather broad social spectrum. Television has become part of our popular culture-part of our life itself (IV).  
        In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence. However, there is still a degree of freedom in these countries' press compared to other more conservative countries. We have access to news from all around the world and readers are invited to send their views and contributions to be published in the media.
       In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence.
        James Paradis is the Robert M. Metcalfe Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies and Head of CMS. He works on problems of the mutually-influential rise of professionalism and vernacular culture, the public reception of science, and the way in which fields of expertise are represented in popular media. His methods are comparative, and draw on cultural studies, biographical approaches, intellectual history, and the history of rhetoric to study science popularization, science fiction, science education, two-culture controversies, science as entertainment, and vernacular science.
       In Germany two main branches of Media Theory or Media Studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft") and German language and literature studies. This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this initial basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself. One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the "Düsseldorfer Germanistentag" 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies. Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions and its effects on society and individuals.
       In my opinion, amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. In India, from the beginning i.e. 1989, television has been used more for education and information purposes than for entertainment. It has performed different functions as compared to the television in west.
       Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose has not changed. It continues to perform its function of national integration and development. Media plays a vital role in every one's life. In today's modern society media has become a part and parcel of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. It is considered as the 4th pillar of our society. They put their lives in danger like in times of terrorist attacks or natural calamity just to inform us about it. Media is a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. Media makes people easy to communicate with government.
       In conclusion, televisions gave big impact to the society, the country and the world. Obviously, it is very important to the people nowadays. It has the capability to reach simultaneously millions and millions of our people. Since it can transmit not only words but pictures as well, the significance of television as a medium of mass communication has universally been realised and recognised. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment.
      Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. The adults however, prefer news and more educational programs. Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues.
       No doubt, media has reduced the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far areas but unfortunately, media these days has become a commercialized sector, eying the news which is hot and good at selling. The goal is to gain the television rating points. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. Media is voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation.
       Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues. Media gives benefits to the people by giving information about everything that happen in this country and even in the world.
       Media gave great impact to the people in the world. The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people. The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media are taken as the whole truth.
       Though, a lot of states claim to be democratic and have the freedom of speech, censorship is still being exercised there. That’s why the same events are reflected differently in different countries. This is done in order to satisfy the interests of governmental officials, who strive to gain as much power over people as possible. And it seems natural, because it is what government was created for – to rule the people.
 
 

MEDIA IN TELEVISION

       In this modern era, humans all over the world use media as their way of communicating. Majority of the people in the world use media and only minority of humans used letters and all kind of ways. Nowadays, media has been used every day, every minute, every second. People use media in television to give all the information that the people need to know. Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. Media programmes give impacts and people listen to them.
       Media has lot of responsibility on its shoulders as today's society is very much influenced by the role of media. People believe in what media projects to them. People change their minds according to the information provided through it. In the past when the media was not so strong people were quite ignorant about what is happening around them. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us. People have the access to all the international news channels that provide them the facts and figures. People should use their brain to think carefully about what the media is talking about.
       Media in television is a way of communicating news or information and a way of expressing something through television which are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In other words media is the source of information and communication. Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. Media in television have reach a large audience which is more than billions of people.
       News in television media let the people to be aware about things that are happening whether it is a good thing or not. Media work to educate the people, to help the people and to liberate the people and to empower the people. Media in television gives much information needed by human beings. Media has the responsibility to educate people in a positive way. It has the responsibility to give fair analysis and information. Television is considered as a mirror of a nation's personality. It can recall the past, dwell upon the present and peep into the future of a society. This role of television is all the more relevant to a country like India, having continental dimensions and innumerable diversities.

       Media could give impacts to humans whether it is positive impacts or negative impacts. The positive impacts are humans can easily get the information and news about the world in seconds. They will never miss what is happening in the country and in the world. They will know many things. Media can transform the whole society especially in developing countries. However, media in television can also give negative impacts to the people. Sometimes, media does not portray the real things happened in the world.
       Media should portray the real facts. They should not transform the reality. Media plays a very important role in the building of a society. Media has changed the societies of world so much that we can't ignore its importance. The growth in television both in technology and reach in the last three decades has been phenomenal. It was basically conceived as a mass medium and a mass educator for its large population scattered in remote and culturally diverse areas.
        The importance of media is to spread and disseminate the message across to a wider audience. Many people will know about the message. Next, it provides free publicity and exposure for not only your news, announcement, event or request but for a group or organisation as well. Besides, it can help establish a group as "legitimate", and its activities as important or notable. Gaining coverage in the media is a great way of providing a group and its activities with greater credibility and that has a lot to do with the thought processes of the public which monitor and "consume" the media each day.
       Viewers who find out about something in the media automatically place a greater level of credibility to it than if they saw it in a paid advertisement. Moreover, media can increase someone’s profile among the general public. Media coverage can build someone’s profile in the community, which means may be able to attract more members, donors, fundraisers, supporters, helpers and many more. There is no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a major tool in television.
      It is a very powerful persuasive mass communication medium.  How and why we make use of this tool will determine the effectiveness of this tool to enhance the development process. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment. Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. They should use television media to add information to their own good.  The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society.

       Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way. For example, a live telecast of a national event such as celebration of golden jubilee year of independence, or launching of a satellite, offers meaning to the events that no amount of reading or still pictures or even films could match. However, this incomparable quality of reality and immediacy is not found in all television programmes, especially those programmes which are prepared specifically for education purposes.
      In a country like India where population and illiteracy are the burning problems, electronic media provides tremendous reach for disseminating audio-visual information even in remote areas. India has diverse cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, medium like television can play a very important role in developing common understanding among the people and bringing them closer. It opens up the prospects of educating villagers in the remotest areas, in the affairs of the nation and associating them in the task of development, along with creating wider vision of the world.
       Saxena says, "Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity and a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviour. The small screen has indeed turned out to be large enough to compress, within itself, India's tremendous cultural diversity over a rather broad social spectrum. Television has become part of our popular culture-part of our life itself (IV).  
        In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence. However, there is still a degree of freedom in these countries' press compared to other more conservative countries. We have access to news from all around the world and readers are invited to send their views and contributions to be published in the media.
       In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence.
        James Paradis is the Robert M. Metcalfe Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies and Head of CMS. He works on problems of the mutually-influential rise of professionalism and vernacular culture, the public reception of science, and the way in which fields of expertise are represented in popular media. His methods are comparative, and draw on cultural studies, biographical approaches, intellectual history, and the history of rhetoric to study science popularization, science fiction, science education, two-culture controversies, science as entertainment, and vernacular science.
       In Germany two main branches of Media Theory or Media Studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft") and German language and literature studies. This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this initial basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself. One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the "Düsseldorfer Germanistentag" 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies. Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions and its effects on society and individuals.
       In my opinion, amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. In India, from the beginning i.e. 1989, television has been used more for education and information purposes than for entertainment. It has performed different functions as compared to the television in west.
       Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose has not changed. It continues to perform its function of national integration and development. Media plays a vital role in every one's life. In today's modern society media has become a part and parcel of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. It is considered as the 4th pillar of our society. They put their lives in danger like in times of terrorist attacks or natural calamity just to inform us about it. Media is a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. Media makes people easy to communicate with government.
       In conclusion, televisions gave big impact to the society, the country and the world. Obviously, it is very important to the people nowadays. It has the capability to reach simultaneously millions and millions of our people. Since it can transmit not only words but pictures as well, the significance of television as a medium of mass communication has universally been realised and recognised. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment.
      Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. The adults however, prefer news and more educational programs. Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues.
       No doubt, media has reduced the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far areas but unfortunately, media these days has become a commercialized sector, eying the news which is hot and good at selling. The goal is to gain the television rating points. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. Media is voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation.
       Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues. Media gives benefits to the people by giving information about everything that happen in this country and even in the world.
       Media gave great impact to the people in the world. The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people. The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media are taken as the whole truth.
       Though, a lot of states claim to be democratic and have the freedom of speech, censorship is still being exercised there. That’s why the same events are reflected differently in different countries. This is done in order to satisfy the interests of governmental officials, who strive to gain as much power over people as possible. And it seems natural, because it is what government was created for – to rule the people.
 
 

MEDIA IN TELEVISION

       In this modern era, humans all over the world use media as their way of communicating. Majority of the people in the world use media and only minority of humans used letters and all kind of ways. Nowadays, media has been used every day, every minute, every second. People use media in television to give all the information that the people need to know. Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. Media programmes give impacts and people listen to them.
       Media has lot of responsibility on its shoulders as today's society is very much influenced by the role of media. People believe in what media projects to them. People change their minds according to the information provided through it. In the past when the media was not so strong people were quite ignorant about what is happening around them. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us. People have the access to all the international news channels that provide them the facts and figures. People should use their brain to think carefully about what the media is talking about.
       Media in television is a way of communicating news or information and a way of expressing something through television which are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In other words media is the source of information and communication. Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. Media in television have reach a large audience which is more than billions of people.
       News in television media let the people to be aware about things that are happening whether it is a good thing or not. Media work to educate the people, to help the people and to liberate the people and to empower the people. Media in television gives much information needed by human beings. Media has the responsibility to educate people in a positive way. It has the responsibility to give fair analysis and information. Television is considered as a mirror of a nation's personality. It can recall the past, dwell upon the present and peep into the future of a society. This role of television is all the more relevant to a country like India, having continental dimensions and innumerable diversities.

       Media could give impacts to humans whether it is positive impacts or negative impacts. The positive impacts are humans can easily get the information and news about the world in seconds. They will never miss what is happening in the country and in the world. They will know many things. Media can transform the whole society especially in developing countries. However, media in television can also give negative impacts to the people. Sometimes, media does not portray the real things happened in the world.
       Media should portray the real facts. They should not transform the reality. Media plays a very important role in the building of a society. Media has changed the societies of world so much that we can't ignore its importance. The growth in television both in technology and reach in the last three decades has been phenomenal. It was basically conceived as a mass medium and a mass educator for its large population scattered in remote and culturally diverse areas.
        The importance of media is to spread and disseminate the message across to a wider audience. Many people will know about the message. Next, it provides free publicity and exposure for not only your news, announcement, event or request but for a group or organisation as well. Besides, it can help establish a group as "legitimate", and its activities as important or notable. Gaining coverage in the media is a great way of providing a group and its activities with greater credibility and that has a lot to do with the thought processes of the public which monitor and "consume" the media each day.
       Viewers who find out about something in the media automatically place a greater level of credibility to it than if they saw it in a paid advertisement. Moreover, media can increase someone’s profile among the general public. Media coverage can build someone’s profile in the community, which means may be able to attract more members, donors, fundraisers, supporters, helpers and many more. There is no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a major tool in television.
      It is a very powerful persuasive mass communication medium.  How and why we make use of this tool will determine the effectiveness of this tool to enhance the development process. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment. Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. They should use television media to add information to their own good.  The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society.

       Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way. For example, a live telecast of a national event such as celebration of golden jubilee year of independence, or launching of a satellite, offers meaning to the events that no amount of reading or still pictures or even films could match. However, this incomparable quality of reality and immediacy is not found in all television programmes, especially those programmes which are prepared specifically for education purposes.
      In a country like India where population and illiteracy are the burning problems, electronic media provides tremendous reach for disseminating audio-visual information even in remote areas. India has diverse cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, medium like television can play a very important role in developing common understanding among the people and bringing them closer. It opens up the prospects of educating villagers in the remotest areas, in the affairs of the nation and associating them in the task of development, along with creating wider vision of the world.
       Saxena says, "Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity and a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviour. The small screen has indeed turned out to be large enough to compress, within itself, India's tremendous cultural diversity over a rather broad social spectrum. Television has become part of our popular culture-part of our life itself (IV).  
        In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence. However, there is still a degree of freedom in these countries' press compared to other more conservative countries. We have access to news from all around the world and readers are invited to send their views and contributions to be published in the media.
       In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence.
        James Paradis is the Robert M. Metcalfe Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies and Head of CMS. He works on problems of the mutually-influential rise of professionalism and vernacular culture, the public reception of science, and the way in which fields of expertise are represented in popular media. His methods are comparative, and draw on cultural studies, biographical approaches, intellectual history, and the history of rhetoric to study science popularization, science fiction, science education, two-culture controversies, science as entertainment, and vernacular science.
       In Germany two main branches of Media Theory or Media Studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft") and German language and literature studies. This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this initial basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself. One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the "Düsseldorfer Germanistentag" 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies. Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions and its effects on society and individuals.
       In my opinion, amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. In India, from the beginning i.e. 1989, television has been used more for education and information purposes than for entertainment. It has performed different functions as compared to the television in west.
       Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose has not changed. It continues to perform its function of national integration and development. Media plays a vital role in every one's life. In today's modern society media has become a part and parcel of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. It is considered as the 4th pillar of our society. They put their lives in danger like in times of terrorist attacks or natural calamity just to inform us about it. Media is a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. Media makes people easy to communicate with government.
       In conclusion, televisions gave big impact to the society, the country and the world. Obviously, it is very important to the people nowadays. It has the capability to reach simultaneously millions and millions of our people. Since it can transmit not only words but pictures as well, the significance of television as a medium of mass communication has universally been realised and recognised. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment.
      Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. The adults however, prefer news and more educational programs. Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues.
       No doubt, media has reduced the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far areas but unfortunately, media these days has become a commercialized sector, eying the news which is hot and good at selling. The goal is to gain the television rating points. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. Media is voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation.
       Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues. Media gives benefits to the people by giving information about everything that happen in this country and even in the world.
       Media gave great impact to the people in the world. The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people. The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media are taken as the whole truth.
       Though, a lot of states claim to be democratic and have the freedom of speech, censorship is still being exercised there. That’s why the same events are reflected differently in different countries. This is done in order to satisfy the interests of governmental officials, who strive to gain as much power over people as possible. And it seems natural, because it is what government was created for – to rule the people.
 
 

MEDIA IN TELEVISION

       In this modern era, humans all over the world use media as their way of communicating. Majority of the people in the world use media and only minority of humans used letters and all kind of ways. Nowadays, media has been used every day, every minute, every second. People use media in television to give all the information that the people need to know. Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. Media programmes give impacts and people listen to them.
       Media has lot of responsibility on its shoulders as today's society is very much influenced by the role of media. People believe in what media projects to them. People change their minds according to the information provided through it. In the past when the media was not so strong people were quite ignorant about what is happening around them. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us. People have the access to all the international news channels that provide them the facts and figures. People should use their brain to think carefully about what the media is talking about.
       Media in television is a way of communicating news or information and a way of expressing something through television which are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In other words media is the source of information and communication. Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. Media in television have reach a large audience which is more than billions of people.
       News in television media let the people to be aware about things that are happening whether it is a good thing or not. Media work to educate the people, to help the people and to liberate the people and to empower the people. Media in television gives much information needed by human beings. Media has the responsibility to educate people in a positive way. It has the responsibility to give fair analysis and information. Television is considered as a mirror of a nation's personality. It can recall the past, dwell upon the present and peep into the future of a society. This role of television is all the more relevant to a country like India, having continental dimensions and innumerable diversities.

       Media could give impacts to humans whether it is positive impacts or negative impacts. The positive impacts are humans can easily get the information and news about the world in seconds. They will never miss what is happening in the country and in the world. They will know many things. Media can transform the whole society especially in developing countries. However, media in television can also give negative impacts to the people. Sometimes, media does not portray the real things happened in the world.
       Media should portray the real facts. They should not transform the reality. Media plays a very important role in the building of a society. Media has changed the societies of world so much that we can't ignore its importance. The growth in television both in technology and reach in the last three decades has been phenomenal. It was basically conceived as a mass medium and a mass educator for its large population scattered in remote and culturally diverse areas.
        The importance of media is to spread and disseminate the message across to a wider audience. Many people will know about the message. Next, it provides free publicity and exposure for not only your news, announcement, event or request but for a group or organisation as well. Besides, it can help establish a group as "legitimate", and its activities as important or notable. Gaining coverage in the media is a great way of providing a group and its activities with greater credibility and that has a lot to do with the thought processes of the public which monitor and "consume" the media each day.
       Viewers who find out about something in the media automatically place a greater level of credibility to it than if they saw it in a paid advertisement. Moreover, media can increase someone’s profile among the general public. Media coverage can build someone’s profile in the community, which means may be able to attract more members, donors, fundraisers, supporters, helpers and many more. There is no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a major tool in television.
      It is a very powerful persuasive mass communication medium.  How and why we make use of this tool will determine the effectiveness of this tool to enhance the development process. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment. Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. They should use television media to add information to their own good.  The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society.

       Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way. For example, a live telecast of a national event such as celebration of golden jubilee year of independence, or launching of a satellite, offers meaning to the events that no amount of reading or still pictures or even films could match. However, this incomparable quality of reality and immediacy is not found in all television programmes, especially those programmes which are prepared specifically for education purposes.
      In a country like India where population and illiteracy are the burning problems, electronic media provides tremendous reach for disseminating audio-visual information even in remote areas. India has diverse cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, medium like television can play a very important role in developing common understanding among the people and bringing them closer. It opens up the prospects of educating villagers in the remotest areas, in the affairs of the nation and associating them in the task of development, along with creating wider vision of the world.
       Saxena says, "Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity and a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviour. The small screen has indeed turned out to be large enough to compress, within itself, India's tremendous cultural diversity over a rather broad social spectrum. Television has become part of our popular culture-part of our life itself (IV).  
        In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence. However, there is still a degree of freedom in these countries' press compared to other more conservative countries. We have access to news from all around the world and readers are invited to send their views and contributions to be published in the media.
       In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence.
        James Paradis is the Robert M. Metcalfe Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies and Head of CMS. He works on problems of the mutually-influential rise of professionalism and vernacular culture, the public reception of science, and the way in which fields of expertise are represented in popular media. His methods are comparative, and draw on cultural studies, biographical approaches, intellectual history, and the history of rhetoric to study science popularization, science fiction, science education, two-culture controversies, science as entertainment, and vernacular science.
       In Germany two main branches of Media Theory or Media Studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft") and German language and literature studies. This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this initial basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself. One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the "Düsseldorfer Germanistentag" 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies. Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions and its effects on society and individuals.
       In my opinion, amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. In India, from the beginning i.e. 1989, television has been used more for education and information purposes than for entertainment. It has performed different functions as compared to the television in west.
       Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose has not changed. It continues to perform its function of national integration and development. Media plays a vital role in every one's life. In today's modern society media has become a part and parcel of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. It is considered as the 4th pillar of our society. They put their lives in danger like in times of terrorist attacks or natural calamity just to inform us about it. Media is a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. Media makes people easy to communicate with government.
       In conclusion, televisions gave big impact to the society, the country and the world. Obviously, it is very important to the people nowadays. It has the capability to reach simultaneously millions and millions of our people. Since it can transmit not only words but pictures as well, the significance of television as a medium of mass communication has universally been realised and recognised. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment.
      Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. The adults however, prefer news and more educational programs. Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues.
       No doubt, media has reduced the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far areas but unfortunately, media these days has become a commercialized sector, eying the news which is hot and good at selling. The goal is to gain the television rating points. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. Media is voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation.
       Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues. Media gives benefits to the people by giving information about everything that happen in this country and even in the world.
       Media gave great impact to the people in the world. The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people. The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media are taken as the whole truth.
       Though, a lot of states claim to be democratic and have the freedom of speech, censorship is still being exercised there. That’s why the same events are reflected differently in different countries. This is done in order to satisfy the interests of governmental officials, who strive to gain as much power over people as possible. And it seems natural, because it is what government was created for – to rule the people.
 
 

MEDIA IN TELEVISION

       In this modern era, humans all over the world use media as their way of communicating. Majority of the people in the world use media and only minority of humans used letters and all kind of ways. Nowadays, media has been used every day, every minute, every second. People use media in television to give all the information that the people need to know. Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. Media programmes give impacts and people listen to them.
       Media has lot of responsibility on its shoulders as today's society is very much influenced by the role of media. People believe in what media projects to them. People change their minds according to the information provided through it. In the past when the media was not so strong people were quite ignorant about what is happening around them. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us. People have the access to all the international news channels that provide them the facts and figures. People should use their brain to think carefully about what the media is talking about.
       Media in television is a way of communicating news or information and a way of expressing something through television which are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In other words media is the source of information and communication. Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. Media in television have reach a large audience which is more than billions of people.
       News in television media let the people to be aware about things that are happening whether it is a good thing or not. Media work to educate the people, to help the people and to liberate the people and to empower the people. Media in television gives much information needed by human beings. Media has the responsibility to educate people in a positive way. It has the responsibility to give fair analysis and information. Television is considered as a mirror of a nation's personality. It can recall the past, dwell upon the present and peep into the future of a society. This role of television is all the more relevant to a country like India, having continental dimensions and innumerable diversities.

       Media could give impacts to humans whether it is positive impacts or negative impacts. The positive impacts are humans can easily get the information and news about the world in seconds. They will never miss what is happening in the country and in the world. They will know many things. Media can transform the whole society especially in developing countries. However, media in television can also give negative impacts to the people. Sometimes, media does not portray the real things happened in the world.
       Media should portray the real facts. They should not transform the reality. Media plays a very important role in the building of a society. Media has changed the societies of world so much that we can't ignore its importance. The growth in television both in technology and reach in the last three decades has been phenomenal. It was basically conceived as a mass medium and a mass educator for its large population scattered in remote and culturally diverse areas.
        The importance of media is to spread and disseminate the message across to a wider audience. Many people will know about the message. Next, it provides free publicity and exposure for not only your news, announcement, event or request but for a group or organisation as well. Besides, it can help establish a group as "legitimate", and its activities as important or notable. Gaining coverage in the media is a great way of providing a group and its activities with greater credibility and that has a lot to do with the thought processes of the public which monitor and "consume" the media each day.
       Viewers who find out about something in the media automatically place a greater level of credibility to it than if they saw it in a paid advertisement. Moreover, media can increase someone’s profile among the general public. Media coverage can build someone’s profile in the community, which means may be able to attract more members, donors, fundraisers, supporters, helpers and many more. There is no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a major tool in television.
      It is a very powerful persuasive mass communication medium.  How and why we make use of this tool will determine the effectiveness of this tool to enhance the development process. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment. Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. They should use television media to add information to their own good.  The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society.

       Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way. For example, a live telecast of a national event such as celebration of golden jubilee year of independence, or launching of a satellite, offers meaning to the events that no amount of reading or still pictures or even films could match. However, this incomparable quality of reality and immediacy is not found in all television programmes, especially those programmes which are prepared specifically for education purposes.
      In a country like India where population and illiteracy are the burning problems, electronic media provides tremendous reach for disseminating audio-visual information even in remote areas. India has diverse cultures, religions and traditions. Therefore, medium like television can play a very important role in developing common understanding among the people and bringing them closer. It opens up the prospects of educating villagers in the remotest areas, in the affairs of the nation and associating them in the task of development, along with creating wider vision of the world.
       Saxena says, "Television in India has acquired today newer dimensions, greater popularity and a much wider reach. The moving images of television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their thoughts and behaviour. The small screen has indeed turned out to be large enough to compress, within itself, India's tremendous cultural diversity over a rather broad social spectrum. Television has become part of our popular culture-part of our life itself (IV).  
        In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence. However, there is still a degree of freedom in these countries' press compared to other more conservative countries. We have access to news from all around the world and readers are invited to send their views and contributions to be published in the media.
       In many Asian nations, there are limits to press freedom. Although the media is allowed to present news and its views as well as perspectives, it is barred from providing news that can potentially create unrest and violence. The government has instituted the Official Secrets Act and Internal security act that allows it to detain anybody including those working in the media for inciting racial or religious violence.
        James Paradis is the Robert M. Metcalfe Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies and Head of CMS. He works on problems of the mutually-influential rise of professionalism and vernacular culture, the public reception of science, and the way in which fields of expertise are represented in popular media. His methods are comparative, and draw on cultural studies, biographical approaches, intellectual history, and the history of rhetoric to study science popularization, science fiction, science education, two-culture controversies, science as entertainment, and vernacular science.
       In Germany two main branches of Media Theory or Media Studies can be identified. The first major branch of media theory has its roots in the humanities and cultural studies, such as theater studies ("Theaterwissenschaft") and German language and literature studies. This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s. And it is on this initial basis that media studies in Germany has primarily developed and established itself. One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the "Düsseldorfer Germanistentag" 1976. The second branch of media studies in Germany is comparable to Communication Studies. Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions and its effects on society and individuals.
       In my opinion, amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all the strata of the society. In India, from the beginning i.e. 1989, television has been used more for education and information purposes than for entertainment. It has performed different functions as compared to the television in west.
       Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose has not changed. It continues to perform its function of national integration and development. Media plays a vital role in every one's life. In today's modern society media has become a part and parcel of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. It is considered as the 4th pillar of our society. They put their lives in danger like in times of terrorist attacks or natural calamity just to inform us about it. Media is a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. Media makes people easy to communicate with government.
       In conclusion, televisions gave big impact to the society, the country and the world. Obviously, it is very important to the people nowadays. It has the capability to reach simultaneously millions and millions of our people. Since it can transmit not only words but pictures as well, the significance of television as a medium of mass communication has universally been realised and recognised. The media is not only an important source of news and opinions but also entertainment.
      Most young people usually turn on the television for movies, MTV and other entertainment programs. The adults however, prefer news and more educational programs. Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues.
       No doubt, media has reduced the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far areas but unfortunately, media these days has become a commercialized sector, eying the news which is hot and good at selling. The goal is to gain the television rating points. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. Media is voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation.
       Thus, the media plays an important role in our lives as we cannot envisage a life without the daily reporting of national, regional and international news. It would be like returning to the Stone Ages. However, consumers must ensure the news reported in the media is accurate and not one-sided by looking at its contents critically and voicing their views on certain issues. Media gives benefits to the people by giving information about everything that happen in this country and even in the world.
       Media gave great impact to the people in the world. The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people. The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media are taken as the whole truth.
       Though, a lot of states claim to be democratic and have the freedom of speech, censorship is still being exercised there. That’s why the same events are reflected differently in different countries. This is done in order to satisfy the interests of governmental officials, who strive to gain as much power over people as possible. And it seems natural, because it is what government was created for – to rule the people.
 
 

AGRICULTURE STORAGE

Agriculture, is called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dry land farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock.
In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture. Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population labored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typically subsistence agriculture in which farmers raised most of their crops for their own consumption instead of for trade. A remarkable shift in agricultural practices has occurred over the past century in response to new technologies, and the development of world markets. This also led to technological improvements in agricultural techniques, such as the Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate which made the traditional practice of recycling nutrients with crop rotation and animal manure less necessary.Storage is an important marketing function, which involves holding and preserving goods from the time they are produced until they are needed for consumption. Agriculture storage is any deposit or holdings of farm products, fertilizers, grains, feed and other related supplies in facilities or containers, often to prevent contamination or for times when production cannot meet demand.
One of the main reasons that I choose this topic because food production is vital for everyone. It is one of the few things that every person requires on a daily basis. Agriculture has taught many valuable lessons that will affect the for the rest of  mankind life. It has taught mankind the importance of hard work; and it has taught them responsibility for everything they do in life. Agriculture has given the human race a continuing chance to gain knowledge in many different fields of agriculture from crop production to the proper ways to raise livestock and much more. It has also given them the chance to educate others about agriculture, showing them that agriculture is not just about driving a tractor around in a field but it is much more. It is figuring out and implementing polices that can ensure the protection of the nation’s agriculture supply that can be grown in dry regions.
Grain storage is one of the main aspects of seed technology and many research works have been dedicated to grain storage conditions. The longevity of grains during storage depends on two main factors: grain properties and storage conditions. It has been revealed that in low seed moisture and low temperature storage condition the longevity of seeds will improve. However, seeds may be divided into two categories with respect to their viability characteristics (Ellis and Roberts1982): orthodox and recalcitrant. Orthodox seeds are those which can de dried to low moisture contents. Over a wide range of conditions their longevity increases with decrease in both moisture content and temperature in quantifiable and predictable way.
A number of species produce seeds which are killed if they are dried a little below the fully hydrated conditions and, even if they are kept in under optimal moist conditions, they lose viability in a relatively short time.  The seed viability cannot be improved only though improving two mentioned factors, since pests also affect seed longevity through seed deterioration increasing and also physical damage to seeds. Seed quality and quantity are economically important since seed production is a high cost practice. The damage of storage pests to cereals has been estimated to be 15-23 million tones. Pests not only decrease seed quantity by reducing their weight, but also decrease seed quality through reducing viability and seed vigor.
Regarding the economic effects of pests, it is necessary to improve storage condition to reduce pest contamination.  One of the most important ways to better storage of grain crops has been mentioned in holy Quran: “He replied: you shall sow for seven years as is your way. Leave in the ear (of corn) you reap, except a little which you eat. Thereafter, seven hard years will come upon you, which will consume all but little of that which you have stored. (Yusuf 47 and 48)”. One of the specificities of these verses of Quran is the way of the grain storage for avoiding pest contamination. In other words, cereal seed storage with their ear helps us avoid pest attacks.
Traditionally, food in America is produced through a series of processes commonly referred to as the “farm to table” continuum. This process is comprised of multiple components, including production, distribution, processing, transportation, wholesaling, exporting/importing, retail sales, and consumption. Each component of the “farm to table” continuum is achieved in a variety of ways specific to the particular end product being produced. At multiple stages of these processes, raw agricultural products, farm input supplies, and consumer-ready foods are stored in large facilities. These agricultural storage facilities include facilities storing raw agricultural products (wheat, corn, apples, etc.) prior to processing; farm input supplies (fertilizers, chemicals, etc.), live animals (cattle, swine, chickens, etc.), or processed products ready for distribution and consumption (cheese, cereals, packaged products, etc. In this regard, there is not a “typical” agricultural storage facility.
The consequences associated with an attack on an agricultural storage facility or a series of coordinated attacks across multiple facilities would depend on the type of event(s), the location of the event and the type of facility involved. Particular consequences can only be estimated or inferred from historical events. Traditionally, much of the emphasis for food-borne contamination has been focused on the actual food production processes and processing facilities. In addition to the inspection of processing facilities, industry focuses its resources on testing for and diagnosis of particular pathogens and toxins in the food processing process. Food storage facilities have received comparatively little consideration from a food security perspective. Estimating the consequence of a deliberate contamination of or an attack on an agricultural storage facility depends on the downstream impact of the consumption and distribution of the products stored at a particular location. There is, of course, a local impact associated with the destruction of a particular facility.
Historical cases can illustrate the quick and far-reaching potential of this type of event. In 1984,members of a religious cult in Dalles, Oregon, contaminated salad bars with salmonella serotype typhimurium. Though the attack was locally contained, 751 people became ill, and the surrounding medical resources were strained beyond their normal capacity. In addition, the event spread fear throughout the U.S. and temporarily impacted the revenues normally generated at these types of eating establishments. Recent outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD) in Britain in 1994 and 2001, respectively, provide some perspective on the human and economic impacts of contagious diseases spread through the cattle population. Bear in mind that the spread of such diseases can take place at storage facilities where there is an increased risk of infection spreading. It is not, however, safe to assume that the spread and impact of diseases and biological agents are directly linked to vulnerabilities at agricultural storage facilities. During the 1994 BSE outbreak, Britain experienced a 40% drop in cattle sales and a 26% drop in domestic household consumption of beef and veal. In the 2001 FMD outbreak, more than $63 million was paid in indemnities to farmers for the slaughter and quarantine of infected cattle. Additionally, the estimated cost to the British economy was between $3.6 billion and $11.6 billion(U.S. dollars) for FMD and roughly $5.8 billion (U.S. dollars) for BSE.
Civilization began with agriculture. When our nomadic ancestors began to settle and grow their own food, human society was forever changed. Not only did villages, towns and cities begin to flourish, but so did knowledge, the arts and the technological sciences. And for most of history, society's connection to the land was intimate. Human communities, no matter how sophisticated, could not ignore the importance of agriculture. To be far from dependable sources of food was to risk malnutrition and starvation. Storage is an important marketing function, which involves holding and preserving goods from the time they are produced until they are needed for consumption. Therefore, the storage of goods from the time of production to the time of consumption, ensures a continuous flow of goods in the market.
Storage of the agricultural outputs protects the quality of perishable and semi-perishable products from deterioration. For example, some of the goods like woolen garments, have a seasonal demand and to cope with this demand, production on a continuous basis and storage become necessary. It helps in the stabilization of prices by adjusting demand and supply.
One of the types of the agriculture storage is the underground storage. The underground storage structures are dugout structures similar to a well with sides plastered with cow dung. They may also be lined with stones or sand and cement. They may be circular or rectangular in shape. The capacity varies with the size of the structure. The advantages of underground are the underground storage structures are safer from threats from various external sources of damage, such as theft, rain or wind.
The underground storage space can temporarily be utilized for some other purposes with minor adjustments and the underground storage structures are easier to fill up owing to the factor of gravity. The other types of agriculture storage is the surface storage structures. Food grains in a ground surface structure can be stored in bag storage. When store in a bag storage each bag contains a definite quantity, which can be bought, sold or dispatched without difficulty. The bags are easier to load or unload. It is easier to keep separate lots with identification marks on the bags. The bags which are identified as infested on inspection can be removed and treated easily and the problem of the sweating of grains does not arise because the surface of the bag is exposed to the atmosphere.The benefits of using the bag storage are the exposed peripheral surface area per unit weight of grain is less. Consequently, the danger of damage from external sources is reduced. Pest infestation is less because of almost airtight conditions in the deeper layers.Products can be stored in many different kinds of storage containers varying from earthen gourds, baskets, cribs and suchlike, to big metal or cement silos.
Depending on financial possibilities, available materials and external circumstances (climate) one can choose from the storage methods mentioned below. Again it is emphasized that every storage container, no matter what it looks like or what it is made of, should keep the product dry and cool, and protect it against insects, fungi, rodents, domestic animals and thieves. A small part which is infested by insects or fungi or has a too high moisture content may spoil the whole amount. That is why in one storage container only uniform batches should be stored. One of the method that can be used is by using earthen pots and gourds. Especially in the dry tropics, earthenware pots and gourds (the hard, dried outside cases of certain fruits or vegetables) are very useful for storing small quantities. They should be kept inside or under a shelter. Above  the kitchen (a place where there are few insects) is a good place. By treating the pots and gourds with varnish, paint or linseed oil, and sealing the lids with mud or cow dung an airtight form of storage is obtained (also suitable for the wet tropics).

The bag storage is suitable for small quantities of cereals, beans, groundnuts, and also for the storage of sowing seed. It can stored for about 1 year. The contents is about 5-30 litres. If metal drums (water tanks or oil drums) are available, they can be used for storage after cleaning them well. The drums should never be placed in direct sunlight because of the dangers of the product becoming caked to the inside wall, of moisture changes and heating of the stored product. They should either be placed under a good roof or should be insulated with a layer of straw. They can be used in the dry and humid tropics. In warm, wet places the drums may rust quickly unless precautions are taken.
If they are airtight when closed it is possible to combat insects without using insecticides. It is suitable forcereals, pulses, sowing seed. The metal drums can be stored up to one year.It is estimated that each year between 25 and 40% of stored agricultural products is lost because of inadequate farm- and village-level storage. In the field and during storage the products are threatened by insects, rodents, birds and other pests. Moreover, the product may be spoiled by infection from fungi, yeasts or bacteria. In addition, for sowing seed it is important that the viability (its capacity to germinate) is maintained. Losses during storage may occur in many ways like the losses in weight due to insects, rodents or birds eating the grain and deterioration through fungus growth and rotting. It also can occur when  loss in quality through biting damage, insect and rodent excrement and fungus growth. Furthermore, other reason the agricultural outputs will spoiled it is because of insects. The insects are six-legged invertebrates. Their soft inside parts are protected by an external skeleton. The life cycle of an insect goes through the following stages: adult - egg - larva - pupa - adult. Adults and larvae damage grains, either by eating them or by spoiling them. Infected products also become more vulnerable to other insects, fungi and bacteria. Already in the field products may be infected by insects and during storage their number will rapidly increase. The female adults lay their eggs on the surface of a grain, between grains or sometimes inside the grain. The larvae hatching from the eggs are often the big grain eaters. A larva growing inside a grain eats out the inside of it.
The pupa is the transitional stage between the larva and adult stages. During this stage the growing insect needs no food. From the pupa the adult emerges, and continues eating the grain and then lays more eggs. Most of the insects that affect stored grains develop most rapidly at temperatures between 25 and 30 °C and a relative humidity in between 70 and 80%. However, they may still develop, although at a lower rate, at lower or higher temperatures and relative humidity.
In conclusion, agricultural storage has an important fundamental purpose to allow people to consume good quality with high nutritional content of good health. It is crucial to have a secured agriculture storage so that the agricultural outputs do not end up being spoiled.
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1  -  Norman Leslie Kent - Introduction to Agriculture Storage - A.D Evers - Page 90 - 2006
2-  Hamdollah Eskandari - Agriculture Landscape in the Holy Quran - IJACS - Page 233 - 2013
3-  Carl W.Hall - Drying and Storage of Agricultural Crops - AVI. Co - Page 125 - 1980

4-  Jell Hayma - The Storage of Agricultural Products - Agromisa Foundation, Wageningen - Page 42 - 2003
5-  D.L Proctor - Agriculture Storage Techniques - GASGA - Page 242 - 1994