Ustaz Maulana Akbarshah: April 2014

Monday, April 28, 2014

What is a science? The word science derived from the Latin word scienta, meaning knowledge. It may be defined as follows; systematic knowledge of the physical or material world; or a branch of knowledge dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws; and a set of rules which one seeks a rational comprehension of the physical universe. While, Islamic science is a scientific activity which takes place within the Islamic worldwide and the inborn desire to learn and understand the complexities of Allah’s works for the benefit of humanity and to seek Allah’s pleasure. 1

Islam is a complete and comprehensive system of life, and not merely a religion describing the relations between man and his Creator. Therefore, far from discouraging a life of well-being in this world, the Qur’an raises those “who say: Our Lord! Give unto us in this world that which is best and in the Hereafter that which is best, and guard us from the torment of fire” (2:201). It is this quest for the well-being which urges man to study and learn, in as perfect a manner as possible, of all that exists in the universe, in order to profit by it, and to be grateful to God. As to the method of increasing knowledge, it is inspiring to note that the very first revelation that came to the Prophet, who was born among illiterate people, was a command to read—“Read with the name of Lord…” (96:1). The Qur’an has repeatedly urged the Muslims to mediate over the creation of the universe, and to study how the heavens and earth have been made subservient to man. Therefore, there has never been a conflict between faith and reason in Islam. Thus it is that the Muslims began very early an ever-progressive and serious study of the sciences.

They did not merely attain political and intellectual supremacy and found extensive empires, but also surpassed all other nations in the field of knowledge and intellectual endeavors. Muslims scholars did not limit their studies to religious sciences like tafsir (exegesis), hadith (traditions), fiqh (jurisprudence), usul al-fiqh (principles of legal system), ‘ilm al-kalam (theology), comparative religion etc., but also studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, botany, mathematics, medicine, geography, historiography, and a host of other disciplines of the physical, natural, social, and a human sciences. Some of these scholars have guided the world in the sciences for several centuries and a left an indelible mark on the world of knowledge. 2 deals not only with what man must and must not do, but also with what he needs to know. The first art of the testimony of faith in Islam, La Ilaha Illa Allah ( “There is no god but God”), is a statement of knowledge concerning Reality. Muslims look upon the various sciences, natural, social and others as so many different bodies of evidences which point to the truth of this most fundamental statement in Islam. This statement is what is popularly known in Islam as the Islam -Munawar Haque –Islamic Knowledge And Civilization –IIUM Press –IIUM –p.13 -2009 -Muhammad Hamidullah –Muslim Contribution to the Science and Arts (Islamabad: Da’wah Academy –IIU – pp.5-6 and p.15 -1989 principle of tawhid of Divine Unity. 3 What is the classification of sciences? The early Muslim philosophers and thinkers such as al-Kindi, followed by al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd and others classified the sciences. The classification made by al-Farabi has remained intact and was followed with minor changes by all subsequent Muslim thinkers, especially al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd. In his work Ihsa al-Ulum (Enumeration of the Sciences), al- Farabi makes the classification of the sciences as follows; science of language, logic, Science of Mathematics, Physics (science of nature) and Metaphysics (sciences concerned with the divine and the principles of things).4 The benefit of to be a scientist is, the importance of knowledge itself in the eyes of Allah as well as His prophet, that He instructed His Prophet to pray for the increase of knowledge, the prayer being “Oh my Lord, increase my knowledge”.5 of knowledge is obligatory on very Muslim.” In other Prophetic Traditions, an individual is encouraged to “seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave,” even if this means “seeking knowledge in China.”

Knowledge is light and guidance. Revelation raises it to the farthest heights of honor, and makes it a key to righteousness and success. Knowledge raises a person to the most elevated ranks in this life and hereafter. Furthermore, the scientific spirit of Muslim scientist and scholars flows, in fact, from their consciousness of tawhid. The origin and development of the scientific spirit in Islam differs from that in the West. Nothing better illustrates the religious origin of the scientific spirit in Islam than the fact that this spirit was first demonstrated in the religious sciences. Muslims did not begin to cultivate the natural sciences in earnest until the third century Islamic Era (the ninth century of the Common Era). But when they began, they were already in the possession of a scientific attitude and scientific frame of mind, which they had inherited from the religious sciences. The passion for truth and objectivity, the general respect for empirical evidence, and a mind skilled In the classification of things were some of the most outstanding features of early Muslims religious scholarship as can be seen in their studies of jurisprudence and the prophetic traditions.6 In an attempt to preserve the Sunnah of the Prophet from extraneous contaminations, willful mutations and unfounded innovations, the early Muslims introduced the methods of reporting and evaluating, known as the system of the authority (isnad) and the system of antecedents of the narrator (asma’ al-rijal). At that time neither the Greeks nor the Romans, Persians and others were aware of the necessity and utility of the scientific ways of evaluating, recording and preserving historical data.

Thus by “initiating this method the Arab Muslims According to a hadith, “Pursuit S.Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi –Islam and Knowledge (Oxford: The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies) –pp.7-8 - Osman Bakar,pp. 43-54 (Taha 20:114). Ibid., 2-3 became the founders of scientific history and modern historiogprahy.7 There are three sources of knowledge8 perceived by the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch); Knowledge acquired through reason; Knowledge obtaines through revelation (wahy). Both the senses and reason or intellect are susceptible to certain constraints and their ability to perceive knowledge is confined to material aspects only. If one closes one’s eyes or plugs one ears, one cannot recognize a colour or the nature of a sound. Likewise, there are different aspects which could only be understood by reason and not by senses. Similarly, there are various phenomena which can neither be understood through senses nor reason, such as nature, creation, purpose of creation, eschatology etc. Therefore, to understand these areas, wahy is the only source and guide. Wahy is the secret inspiration that is felt by the one who inspires and the other who is inspired. Wahy may take any of the followings; Natural inspiration; The sudden spontaneous idea preceding any great discovery, invention, work of literature, art etc; wahy to animals; wahy to the prophets who are fully conscious and have a conviction that it is sent down from Allah. The Qur’an as a source of knowledge. The Qur’an declares that it is an exposition for all things (tibyan li kulli shay’) as guidance and mercy, in which nothing is neglected.9 development of the various branches of knowledge in Islam is a proof of this.

The Qur’an itself proclaims that it is the word of Allah and not the word of any else.10 Qur’an contains scientific facts only discovered recently by modern science is all life originated from water (41:11), the universe was in the shape of a fiery gas (41:11), and the embryo in the womb is enclosed by three coverings (39:6). In Qur’an recitation, the qur’an appreciates and praises the “people of knowledge”. “There is no god but He: That is the witness of Allah, His Angels, and those endued with knowledge, standing firm on justice…”.11 with knowledge. “…and such are the parables we set forth for mankind but only those understand them who have knowledge.”.12 for those who have knowledge. “…Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know?” It is those who are endued with understanding that received admonition.”. In this verse, Allah differentiates between those who know and those who do not know and asserts that it is only men of understanding who get a lesson from His signs and verses. “Those who truly fear God among his servants are those who have knowledge” (Fatir 25:28). Here Allah says that only those who have God-consciousness and fear of Allah (Taqwa) are the ones who have knowledge. “ We have honored the sons of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them that scientist usually apply it; Knowledge The Some examples of how the Here Allah honours the witnessing of those endued This shows that real comprehension matters is only Abd Rauf, The Story of Islamic Culture (Chicago: Kazi Publications, n.d.), pp.8-9 Ibid., p.69 (Al-Nahl 16:89). (Al-Nisa 4:82). (Ali-Imran 3:18). (Al-Ankabut 29:43). for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favours, above a great part of our creation” (Bani Isra’il 17:70). This verses reveal that Adam’s mission of vicegerency and his superiority over the Angels are because of his knowledge. Many of the works written by the Arabs13 were so significant that they were translated into Latin and remained major references in the universities of Europe till the sixteenth century and later become a starting point of Europian research. In places such as Baghdad, Kufa, Basra, Cairo and Cordova, where there were only some religious schools, they sprang up great universities which acquired such world fame that students from all parts of the world, particularly Europe, began to flock to those institutions in search of knowledge.14 works of Muslim scientist, the Renaissance of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Western Europe would not have taken place and the modern Western civilization would have never seen the light.

Logical thinking, mathematical analysis, observation, experimentation, and even rational interpretation of Scriptures all have their legitimate roles to play in the scientific enterprise of early Muslim scientist. Science therefore, became an extensive cultural undertaking that occupied the minds and energies of many of the leading intellectuals in medieval Muslim societies. Indeed, science was practiced on scale unprecedented in earlier human history. In urban centres from the Atlantic to the borders of China, thousands of scientist pursued careers in diverse scientific disciplines. Countless artifacts, ranging from architectural monuments to intricate automatic machines and instruments provide a vivid testimony to the scientific and technological achievements of these scientist. Numerous scientific manuscripts, from various regions of the medieval Islamic world are scattered in modern libraries all over the globe. Until the rise of modern science, no other civilization had engaged as many scientists, produced as many scientific books, or provided as varied and sustained support for scientific activity.15 The Muslims continued their work in the service of science until great misfortunes afflicted their principal intellectual centres, Baghdad in the East, and Cordova-Granada in the West. These were occupied by barbarians, to the great misfortune of science, at a time when the printing press had not yet come into being. The burning of libraries with their hundreds of thousands of manuscripts led to untold and irreparable loss. What had been constructed in centuries was destroyed in days.

Once a civilization declines due to such calamities, it takes several centuries as well as numerous resources before one can make up for the losses.The calamity that befell the ummah is not only factor for its political and intellectual decline. Among factors which make up the chemistry of the political domination and intellectual supremacy of a community over other communities of the world are intellectual ingenuity, academic creative pursuits and ijtihadic endeavors as rightly pointed out by Mawdudi. Some of the most talented muslim scientist also works in a science, astronomy, medicine, surgery, engineering, philosophy At the time to which these events relate, Arab thinkers had been joined by Muslim philosphers and scientist who were not of the Arab stock. However, they were all Muslims. Briffault, The Making of Humanity 165. Ahmad Dallal, “Science, Medicine, and Tecnology” in John L. Esposito ed., The Oxford History of Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.155. Without the and etc. Such as, Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khawarizmi. Khawarizmi was a mathematician, astronomer and geographer. He was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived. Other famous scientist like Al-Razi, Ibn Sina, al-Biruni, Ibn al-Haytham, al –Zahrawi, Nasir al- Din al-Tusi, and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi. The examples of contribution of Muslim scholars to the sciences is such as Ibn Sina contribution, Islamic scientist. Abu Ali al-Husayn Ibn Sina, the Avicenna of the Latin scholars (d.428/1037) was born in Ashfana in Transoxiana (northern Iran) around 370/980, lived in the court of several Samanid and Buyid princes and died in Hamadan. He was the greatest name of Neolatonist Islamic philosophy and of medieval medicine. He had al-Farabi as a master to whom he owned his understanding of Aristotle’s Metahphysics. His major treatise of philosophy is Kitab al-Shifa’ (“The Book of Healing”). It is an encyclopedia of Greco-Islamic knowledge in the fifth/eleventh century, covering anything from logic to mathematics.

Avicenna himself wrote a summary of this book which he called Kitab al-Najat (“The Book of Salvation”). His great Al- Qanun fi al-Tibb (“The Canon of Medicine”) remained the basis of medical studies in the West for centuries and in the East practically to this day. His other major work Kitab a-Isharat wa al- Tanbihat (“The Book of remarks and Admonition”) inaugurated a gnostic-illuminist trend in Islamic philosophical thinking.16 Ibn Sina elaborated the “double-truth” doctrine launched by al-Kindi, applied to politics by al-Farabi, then revised and given wide recognition by Ibn- Rushd. The superior intuitions of men of intellect contrast greatly to the uncritical, literal thinking of the masses. Leaders with clear minds and vivid imaginations can create solutions to society’s problems and then persuade the populace to implement those solutions. The ruler, who is an embodiment of the Divine Active Intellect, can translate the truth into the symbolic language of faith of ordinary men, who will then take it literally and act upon it.17

Hence, the conclusion we have to gain knowledge. Knowledge has two purposes to serve: the divine and the worldly. The divine purpose is to recognize Allah. If nature is studied carefully, numerous instances pointing to the invisible hand that guides and controls all worldly happenings would be found. This hand is the hand of the Almighty. The worldly purpose of knowledge is to enable people to live successfully and usefully by utilizing this knowledge for the benefit of individuals and the societies they live in. the Qur’an requires Muslims to subjugate the forces of nature for the good of mankind, and this would not be possible without proficiency in the sciences. However, our sole purpose of seeking knowledge should not be just for worldly gains but to seek the pleasure of Allah in whatever we do. The Rizq (sustenance and provision) is provided for all creatures by Allah. “How many are the creatures that carry not their own sustenance? It is Allah who feeds (both) them and you: for He hears and knows (all things)”.18

Sunday, April 13, 2014

PULMONARY FIBROSIS

Definition of pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring in the lungs.Pulmonary fibrosis develops when the alveoli, tiny air sacs that transfer oxygen to the blood, become damaged and inflamed. The body tries to heal the damage with scars, but these scars collapse the alveoli and make the lungs less elastic. If the cycle of inflammation and scarring continues, the lungs become increasingly unable to deliver oxygen to the blood. Changes in the lungs can also increase the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. This condition, called pulmonary hypertension, makes the heart work harder and it may fail.Pulmonary fibrosis can result from many different lung diseases including sarcoidosis, drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, environmental allergies such as Farmer's lung, and exposure to toxic dusts and gases.Pulmonary fibrosis that develops without a known cause is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This disease is equally common in men and women. It is usually diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 60.

The causes of pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis may be a secondary effect of other diseases. Most of these are classified as interstitial lung diseases. Examples include autoimmune disorders, viral infections or other microscopic injuries to the lung.[1] However, pulmonary fibrosis can also appear without any known cause. In this case, it is termed "idiopathic". Most idiopathic cases are diagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This is a diagnosis of exclusion of a characteristic set of histologic/pathologic features known as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). In either case, there is a growing body of evidence which points to a genetic predisposition in a subset of patients. For example, a mutation in Surfactant protein C (SP-C) has been found to exist in some families with a history of pulmonary fibrosis.

Diseases and conditions that may cause pulmonary fibrosis as a secondary effect include:

Inhalation of environmental and occupational pollutants such as in asbestosis, silicosis and exposure to certain gases. Coal miners, ship workers and sand blasters among others are at higher risk.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, most often resulting from inhaling dust contaminated with bacterial, fungal, or animal products.
Cigarette smoking can increase the risk or make the illness worse.
Some typical connective tissue diseases[3] such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and scleroderma
Other diseases that involve connective tissue, such as sarcoidosis and Wegener's granulomatosis.
Infections
Certain medications, e.g. amiodarone, bleomycin, busulfan, methotrexate, and nitrofurantoin
Radiation therapy to the chest.

The symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis

Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis are not always present when the disease starts and may not be present until the disease has progressed. The main symptom is shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea. Many patients describe it as a feeling of “breathlessness.” Many individuals, especially older patients, often ignore the occasional difficulty with breathing, attributing it to just “getting older” or “being out of shape.” As the condition progresses and the damage to the lungs become more severe, breathlessness may occur with minor physical activity such as showering, getting dressed. Speaking on the phone and eating becomes more difficult and sometimes nearly impossible. Other common symptoms include:

• Chronic dry, hacking cough

• Fatigue and weakness

• Discomfort in the chest

• Loss of appetite

• Rapid weight loss

How is pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?

Physicians will use a variety of diagnostic strategies to come to a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) depending on the individual medical history and symptoms that patients present with. These usually include one or more of the following tests:

History and Physical Exam: The physician should take a detailed history to learn if there were any environmental, occupational, familial, or other medical conditions that could have contributed or predisposed a person to the diseases’ development. When listening to the lungs with a stethoscope, the physician may hear ‘crackles’ or Velcro-like sounds with the stethoscope. These are ‘opening’ sounds made by the small airways during inspiration. About 50% of patients with IPF may have “clubbing” of the fingertips. This is a widening of the fingertips due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. This is not specific to IPF and occurs in other lung disorders, heart disease, and can also be present from birth.

Chest X-Ray: A routine chest x-ray may be used as a screening test. However, 5-15% of patients with significant scarring will have a normal chest x-ray, and IPF cannot be diagnosed from chest x-ray alone.

High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT): This test provides sharper and detailed image of your lungs to help a physician more clearly identify certain clinical patterns in your lung tissue that may indicate disease; in IPF, a radiologist may identify a “honeycombing” pattern that suggests lung scarring and damage to the air sacs, or “ground-glass opacity”, which refers to the hazy appearance of lung tissue that is most associated with inflammation.

Pulmonary Function Tests: These are breathing tests that measure the lungs’ ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide properly. These tests are usually done in a hospital or clinical laboratory and consist of breathing into a spirometer, and are sometimes done in a “body box” which looks like a glass telephone booth. There are two important components to a Pulmonary Function Test: (1) Spirometry, which measure inspired and expired lung volumes and the rate at which this occurs, and (2) diffusion capacity, which measures the ability of oxygen to diffuse into the blood stream.

Pulse Oximeter: This is a screening test which indicates the amount of oxygen in the blood. A device is placed on the finger or earlobe. The oximeter transmits light at different wavelengths through small blood vessels. Normal ranges are 95-100% on room air. Pulse oximetry does not measure carbon dioxide levels so a blood gas level measurement may be necessary in some patients.

The treatments, types of drugs and effects on it.

The clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is highly variable and may be difficult to predict. As a result, strategies to treat IPF are highly individualized, based upon the specific patients’ medical history and other conditions (comorbitities). While there are currently no effective treatments or a cure for IPF, there are a variety of therapeutic options to help patients manage their condition and maintain their quality of life and activities of daily living (ADL’s).

Typical standards of care may include prescription therapies, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation. Lung transplantation remains the most viable course of treatment to extend the lives of those with IPF, and this option should be discussed with your physician as soon as you are diagnosed.

Therapeutic Options: For some patients depending on their diagnosis and biopsy, medication will stabilize their disease and some patients may benefit from their continuing usage. While there remains no consistent standard of care in the IPF community, the following medications are commonly prescribed in an attempt to treat your symptoms:

Corticosteroids: (Prednisone) Prednisone is used for suppressing the immune system and inflammation. It mimics the action of cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands. Depending on the dose, prolonged therapy can cause the adrenal glands to stop producing its own cortisol. For this reason when prednisone is discontinued, it may be necessary to gradually lower or taper the dose to allow time for the adrenal glands to recover. Since Prednisone suppresses the immune system, it can potentially increase the frequency and severity of infections. Prednisone has many side effects including sugar intolerance (can worsen diabetes), weight gain, swelling, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and peptic ulcer (to name just a few). Individuals receiving prolonged treatment or higher doses need to be carefully monitored.

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan): Cytoxan is an anticancer drug and is used for its immune suppression properties. Cytoxan is frequently given in conjunction with Prednisone or may be given alone. While it is usually taken daily by mouth, in some instances it may also be administered intravenously, usually monthly for six months.

Azathioprine (Imuran): Although there have been some successful reports in a small number of individuals, its effectiveness has not been confirmed in a randomized clinical trial to-date.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC): NAC is a naturally occurring antioxidant. It can be taken orally and theoretically could prevent some of the oxidative injury that precedes fibroproliferation. A small non-randomized study demonstrated some improvement in lung function in patients with IPF. There are number of ongoing studies investigating the efficacy of NAC in combination with other drugs.

Antibiotics : Antibiotics are usually not helpful for a true diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, because there is usually not an infection present. However, your doctor or healthcare provider may order antibiotic pills or intravenous (IV), depending on how severe your illness is, if he or she suspects a bacteria infection, and your overall health status. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for bronchitis, pneumonia and respiratory (breathing) problems include azithromycin and levofloxacin. If you are prescribed antibiotics, take the full prescription. Do not stop taking pills once you feel better.

Diuretics : may be known as "water pills", as they work to prevent or treat lung congestion by making you urinate out extra fluid, if your fibrosis has progressed into heart failure. . Some examples of this medication may include furosemide , and Hydrochlorthiazide. You may receive this medication alone or in combination with other medications.

Narcotics : Such as Morphine Sulfate may be useful, in certain cases of shortness of breath, to relieve your body's need to breathe. Morphine is called an Opiate. Opiates tell your breathing center in your main brain stem not to breathe so hard. This might make you more comfortable. If you are taking morphine, though, make sure you discuss with your healthcare provider common side effects, such as constipation, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, and how to control these side effects.

As with any medicine for any condition, patients should discuss specific treatment options directly with their physician to determine the best approach for your case.

Supplemental Oxygen Therapy: All the body’s functions depend upon delivery of a steady supply of oxygen. Because IPF inhibits an adequate transfer of oxygen into the blood stream, some patients may require supplemental oxygen. This helps to reduce breathlessness, enabling the patient to be more active. Some may need oxygen therapy all the time while others may only need it during sleep and exercise. By testing the saturation level of oxygen in your blood, your physician can tell if you require supplemental oxygen. If your doctor has prescribed oxygen, use it. Many patients are fearful that they will become “addicted” to oxygen. This just is not true.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehabilitation has become the standard of care for people with chronic lung disease, and recent studies have demonstrated improvements in both exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in patients with IPF. (12). The goal of pulmonary rehab is to restore the patient’s ability to function without extreme breathlessness. These programs offer a variety of services and can be inpatient, outpatient or home/community based. The programs are “multidisciplinary,” meaning that the team includes nurses, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, social workers, dieticians, etc. The range of services includes: exercise training; breathing exercises and retraining; anxiety, stress and depression management; and nutritional counseling, to name a few. Another recent study recommended that pulmonary rehabilitation be considered as a standard of care for those with ILDs like IPF because of its potential to improve functional status and dyspnea. (13)

Lung Transplantation: IPF is now the leading indication for lung transplantation in most large centers. In 2009, at the Cleveland Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and number of other large transplant centers, over 50% of the lung transplants performed were for IPF. Transplantation can improve both longevity and the quality of life in properly selected patients who have no other significant health problems. Previously it was uncommon for individuals over the age of 70 to receive transplants, however as surgical techniques and outcomes have improved; more individuals over 70 are receiving transplants, and many medical centers have updated their age requirements to now include those over the age of 70.

Until recently, because of long pre-transplant wait times, early referrals were essential so that patients could begin accruing time on the transplant waiting list. Fortunately with a new lung allocation system (LAS) used by the United Network for Organ Sharing, candidates are evaluated based on the severity of their disease, and as a result wait times for those with IPF have been dramatically reduced. Similarly, in many institutions, the one-year survival rate is over 90%. Transplantation is not without risk, and patients should discuss all the possible complications with their physician.

Can pulmonary fibrosis be prevented?

Pulmonary fibrosis has shown an increased frequency is cigarette smokers. This is just one more reason not to smoke or quit if you do. The cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is unknown, and therefore prevention is difficult. There is a rare form of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that runs in families. Unfortunately, since this is a fatal disease without effective therapy, there are many charlatans trying to take advantage of these stricken individuals and their families. There is no evidence that special diets or supplements or bowel preparations will help this disease in any way.

References

http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryfibrosis.html

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pulmonary-fibrosis/DS00927

http://www.chemocare.com/MANAGING/pulmonary_fibrosis.asp

http://www.drugs.com/condition/pulmonary-fibrosis.html

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1457516

http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/114/2/507.short

http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/4/330

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis

http://www.pulmonaryfibrosis.org/

DRUG-INDUCED PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE

Psychiatric disease is a disease related to the inability of our mental or specifically our brain to function normally. Scientifically, it is known as the mental health problem that interferes with the way a person behaves, interacts with others, and functions in daily life. The recognition and understanding of mental health problems have changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and classification of mental disorders, although standard guideline criteria are widely accepted. Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". It is given to the more severe forms of psychiatric disorder, during which hallucinations and delusions and impaired insight may occur.

Symptoms of psychiatric disorders rarely occur suddenly. In most cases, symptoms develop over time. Close friends and family members of people with psychiatric disorders may realize that something is wrong or not quite right before the disorder itself is recognized. General symptoms of this disease include hallucinations, delusions, or a thought disorder. Difficulties with concentration, memory, or logical thought and speech, apathy or loss of initiative or desire to participate in any activity that was previously enjoyable including sex as well as dramatic sleep and appetite changes are the major and initially occurred symptoms. Besides, a patient may develop fear or suspiciousness of others or a persistent, strong nervous feeling and rapid or dramatic shifts in feelings or mood swings. All of these symptoms then will give rise to the abnormal behavioral and deterioration of personality. In patient the chronic cases, the patient may undergo severe changes in mental status, such as delirium or extreme agitation, serious disturbances in perceptions (hallucinations), severe changes in mood, thoughts or behavior and suicidal, threatening or violent actions or behavior.

There are many categories of psychiatric disorders listed by the psychiatrists including anxiety disorders, delirium, dementia, amnesia, mood disorders, personality disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, chronic hallucinatory psychosis and others. Psychiatrists also recognized the underlying causes of the psychiatric diseases. Mental health experts believe that psychiatric disorders result from a combination of genetic or inherited dispositions and a triggering event. Genetic causes includes having a parent with a psychiatric disorder while triggering event or acquired causes include external or environmental factors, such as poverty, poor nutrition, overcrowding, neglect and unsatisfactory relationships, especially within the family. Drug abuse and trauma, either physical or mental are also the triggering events leading to psychotic symptoms. However, in this assignment, the concern will be given to the psychiatric diseases that are related to drugs.

Amphetamines are the major group of drugs that contribute a lot to the development of the psychiatric disorders. These drugs actually lead to the some of the psychiatric diseases like amphetamine-induced mood disorder, amphetamine-induced sleep disorder, amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder with delusions, amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations, amphetamine intoxication delirium and others amphetamine-induced psychiatric disorders. Pharmacologically, amphetamines are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, weight loss and some depression as they are grouped as the stimulant drugs and produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. However, because of their addicting potential, these drugs are no longer used for weight loss. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, cathinone, and methcathinone are the common types of amphetamines but ecstasy becomes much more popular especially among the teenagers. Another amphetamine derivative which is popular in Malaysia nowadays is methamphetamine or “Pil Kuda”. Amphetamine-related psychiatric disorders are conditions resulting from intoxication or long-term use of amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives. Such disorders can also be experienced during the withdrawal period from amphetamines. The disorders are often self-limiting after cessation, though, in some patients, psychiatric symptoms may last several weeks after discontinuation. Some individuals experience paranoia during withdrawal as well as during sustained use. Amphetamine use may elicit or be associated with the recurrence of other psychiatric disorders. People addicted to amphetamines sometimes decrease their use after experiencing paranoia and auditory and visual hallucinations. Furthermore, amphetamines can be psychologically but not physically addictive. The pathophysiology(development) of amphetamine-related psychiatric disorders is difficult to establish, because amphetamines influence multiple neural systems. In general, chronic amphetamine abuse may cause psychiatric symptoms due to inhibition of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. The longer the duration of use, the greater the magnitude of dopamine reduction. Methamphetamine has been suggested to induce psychosis through inhibiting the dopamine transporter, with a resultant increase in dopamine in the synaptic cleft. Amphetamine-induced psychosis often results after increased or large use of amphetamines, as observed in binge use or after protracted use. Prescription amphetamines induce the release of dopamine in a dose-dependent manner; low doses of amphetamines deplete large storage vesicles, and high doses deplete small storage vesicles. This increase in dopaminergic activity may be causally related to psychotic symptoms because the use of D2-blocking agents (eg, haloperidol) often ameliorates these symptoms. Amphetamine-induced psychosis has been used as a model to support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, in which overactivity of dopamine in the limbic system and striatum is associated with psychosis. However, negative symptoms commonly observed in schizophrenia are relatively rare in amphetamine psychosis. Delirium caused by amphetamines may be related to the anticholinergic activity.

Psychiatric diseases also develop from the use of cocaine. Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found within the leaves of a shrub, Erythroxylon coca. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic. Specifically, it is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which mediates functionality of these neurotransmitters as an exogenous catecholamine transporter ligand. Because of the way it affects the mesolimbic reward pathway, cocaine is addictive. Cocaine may be abused through a number of different routes. The most widespread routes of administration include inhaling (snorting), subcutaneous injection (skin popping), intravenous injection (shooting-up), and smoking (freebasing or smoking crack). Prolonged use and cocaine abuse may lead to psychiatric disorders like cocaine intoxication delirium, cocaine-induced psychotic disorder with delusions, cocaine-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations and cocaine-induced mood disorder. Cocaine has a number of pharmacologic effects on the human body. Neuronal fast sodium channel blockade produces a local anesthetic effect that continues to be used in medicine today. During myocardial fast sodium channel blockade, cocaine blocks fast cardiac sodium channels, which results in type I antidysrhythmic activity. This may lead to prolongation of the QRS complex and contribute to the induction of the dysrhythmias associated with cocaine use. Blockade of catecholamine reuptake (ie, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin reuptake blockade) occurs in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Blockade of reuptake of norepinephrine leads to the sympathomimetic syndrome associated with cocaine use. This syndrome consists of tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, mydriasis, diaphoresis, and agitation. Inhibition of dopamine reuptake in the CNS synapses, such as in the nucleus accumbens, contributes to the euphoria associated with cocaine. Norepinephrine release augments norepinephrine reuptake blockade effects.

Phencyclidine is another group of drug that can cause psychiatric diseases following the prolonged use or abuse. Phencyclidine (a complex clip of the chemical name 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine), commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug. Formerly used as an anesthetic agent, PCP exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. Unfortunately, it then became a drug of abuse for a small but significant population, mostly younger in age and of minority ethnicity. PCP has been studied in animal models of schizophrenia. More recently, PCP-like compounds have been investigated for use in treating brain ischemia. PCP is known to produce a syndrome in previously nonpsychiatrically ill humans that is similar to schizophrenia and can worsen the psychotic symptoms in people who have a schizophrenic or other psychotic illness. PCP is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; thus, it blocks the action of glutamate and aspartate, excitatory amino acid CNS neurotransmitters. PCP is also highly anticholinergic in nature. PCP is a sympathomimetic dissociative anesthetic. "Dissociative" means that the user feels that his or her mind is separated or "dissociated" from the body. This can be a very upsetting experience for some people, especially first-time users who are not expecting it. PCP is often classified with the hallucinogens; however, because it can also act a stimulant or even a CNS depressant, it is usually classified separately from all other street drugs.

Other than that, psychiatric diseases may also be caused by the use of hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause an alteration in perception, thought, or mood. Hallucinogens may be grouped by structural criteria. The main groups include lysergamides, phenylethylamines, piperidines, indolealkylamines, and cannabinols. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) one of the hallucinogens acts on serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin modulates mood, pain, perception, personality, sexual activity, and other functions. The hallucinogenic activity of LSD is thought to be mediated by LSD's effect on serotonin-2 receptors. LSD acts postsynaptically to inhibit serotonin release and increase retention of serotonin at serotonin-2 receptors. Its net effect is that of a serotonin agonist. A transient depression may occur after LSD use. Acute psychosis after LSD use has been reported, and an underlying or undiagnosed schizophrenia may worsen. An unusual aspect of LSD use is the occurrence of "flashbacks," or hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), months to years after LSD use. These are observed most commonly in persons who have used LSD more than 10 times. During a psychotic episode, danger of suicide and homicide exists.

Schizophrenia is another class of psychiatric disease that results from consumption of drug; cannabis or marijuana. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness which may cause someone to hear voices in his head and believe that other people are trying to control or harm him. Research shows a link between cannabis and people with schizophrenia. It is possible that if you have a pre-existing risk which you may not be aware of, there is a much higher chance that using cannabis will trigger an episode of schizophrenia – increasing risk by between 50% - 200%. These risks are also greater in younger people who use cannabis and those that smoke it more regularly. The tendency of a person to get schizophrenia is much higher if he has any family history of mental illness, had an episode of paranoid thinking or hearing voices or had a bad response when first using cannabis or when using a small amount. Using cannabis as a teenager may be a risk to many aspects of your mental health. One of the compounds is cannabis – THC (tetrahydrocannabinoid) – gets you ‘high’. THC is very similar to endocannabinoids which are naturally found in your brain. These regulate other chemicals that control many aspects of your brain function and behavior. Because THC is so similar, it can mimic the effects of these natural compounds and take over these aspects of your brain function. The long-term effects of using cannabis in your teens may be caused by the influence of THC on your brain’s chemical systems at a time when your brain is still developing. Cannabis impacts on neurotransmitters that regulate how arousal and stress are managed in the brain. Cannabis takes a long time to metabolize, and can quickly build up to high levels in the body. Once you get to this point, there is a real risk of depression or schizophrenia being triggered. Many of these research studies indicate that the risk is higher when the drugs are used by people under the age of 21, a time when the human brain is developing rapidly and is particularly vulnerable.

Antipsychotics are group of drugs used to manage, reduce and even treat psychosis symptoms and the psychiatric diseases. Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the typical or first-generation antipsychotics and the atypical or second-generation antipsychotics. The typical antipsychotics are classified according to their chemical structure while the atypical antipsychotics are classified according to their pharmacological properties. These include serotonin-dopamine antagonists, multi-acting receptor-targeted antipsychotics (MARTA, those targeting several systems), and dopamine partial agonists, which are often categorized as atypical. A first generation of antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, was discovered in the 1950s. Most of the drugs in the second generation, known as atypical antipsychotics, have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was discovered in the 1950s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but antipsychotic drugs encompass a wide range of receptor targets. Common conditions with which antipsychotics might be used include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and delusional disorder. Antipsychotics might also be used to counter psychosis associated with a wide range of other diagnoses, such as psychotic depression. Antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects. It is well-recognized that many people stop taking them (around two-thirds even in controlled drug trials) due in part to adverse effects. Extrapyramidal reactions include acute dystonias, akathisia, Parkinsonism (rigidity and tremor), tardive dyskinesia, tachycardia, hypotension, impotence, lethargy, seizures, intense dreams or nightmares, and hyperprolactinaemia. Side effects from antipsychotics can be managed by a number of different drugs. For example, anticholinergics are often used to alleviate the motor side effects of antipsychotics. Some of the side-effects will appear after the drug has been used only for a long time.

The Power of Zamzam Water

Everyone has been heard about the Zamzam water. Zamzam water is not only popular among the Muslims, but the Western too. What is Zamzam Water? Zamzam is the name of the well that provides the water to billions of people have thirstily drunk from throughtout history especially during the Haji pilgrimage. This water is ability to satisfy both thirst and hunger. One of the Companions of the Prophet said that before Islam, the water was called “Shabbaa’ah” or satisfying. It was filling and helped them nourish their families. Furthermore, Zamzam water is the best and noblest of all waters. The water is the highest in status, the deareast to people, the most precious and valuable to them. It was dug by Jibrail and is the water with which Allah quenched the thirst of Ismail.

What make the water Zamzam very special because the well can only found only in one place. The location of Zamzam well is in Makkah, which is the heart of the Hajj pilgrimage. According to Islamic tradition, Prophet Ibrahim (a.s) rebuilt the Bait-ul-Allah (House of Allah) at the site of the well, a building which had been originally constructed by Prophet Adam (a.s), and today is called the Kaaba (Qiblah), a building towards which all Muslims around the world face in prayer, five times each day. It is located approximately 20 metres east of the Kaaba . Zamzam well is 35 metres deep and topped by an elegant dome. In the past, there are over a building with an area of 8.3 m x 10.7 = 88.8m². between 1381-1388 H building to expand the excluded thawaf place. So, the place to drink Zamzam water moved into the basement. Under this land provided the drinking zamzam water with some 350 water tap (faucet for 220 men and 130 faucets for women), living in male-female separated .

Zamzam water is not created by humans, but it exists based on History of Prophet Ibrahim(a.s). So, how the Zamzam water came into being? All tradition agree that Allah (SWT) created the well to provide Hajar, the wife of Prophet Ibrahim(a.s) and her baby Prophet Ismail(a.s) with water in the hot and dry valley. They were in around the year 2000 BC. In her desperate search of water, Hajar ran seven times back and forth in the searching heat between the two hills of Safa and Marwa to provide for her baby who was dying of thirst. Then, Prophet Ibrahim(a.s) settled his family there as a part of Allah’s mission for him. The first thing Hajar had to do then was to look for water in the area. She was searching for it while watching at her son and run whenever she could not see Ismail. Allah(SWT) saw her effort and miraculously blessed the spot with a water spring at the feet of Prophet Ismail. As, Prophet Ismail(a.s) kicked at the ground, water began gushing out, quenching his thirst. Besides that, this well continues to provide water to this very day to all the millions of pilgrims who visit Makkah annually.

On my research about the Zamzam water, it contents is totally different from the other water. I will explain what does the Zamzam water contains? Zamzam water contains a higher content of Calcium(Ca) and Magnesium(Mg) salts in addition to natural flouride that encompass a gemicidal action which contains healing qualities. The pH content of Zamzam water is 7.9-8.0, indicating that it is alkaline to some extent and is similar to seawater. Sodium chloride (common salt) is in excess in Zamzam water making it taste salty. The excess of amount of sodium does not cause any harmful effect. There are several types of minerals in Zamzam water. These minerals have its own mass concentration in Zamzam water. The minerals are Sodium(Na), 133 mg/L, Calcium(Ca), 96 mg/L, Magnesium(Mg), 38.88 mg/L, Potassium(K), 43.3mg/L, Bicarbonate(HCO3), 195.4 mg/L, Chloride(Cl), 163.3 mg/L, Nitrate(NO3), 124.8 mg/L, Sulphate(SO4), 124 mg/L, Flouride(F), 0.72 mg/L, pH, 8. So, the total dissolve alkalinity is 835 mg/L . In addition, Zamzam water has also been treated by ultraviolet rays, and microbes have no place to survive in it. Which means that Zamzam water preserve its taste and is not a congenial environment for bacteria. According to various chemical analyses, dry weather make ; Zamzam more saline through evaporation, which is , with Allah’s might, good for the human body.

For the scientific research, i choose the research finding by Masaru Emoto . Masaru Emoto performed the first kind, pioneering experiments on water. He experimented with few drops of water which he put under various sound frequencies. Then, he noticed that the water particles arrangement differs upon changing the frequency. Perhaps the final experiment Dr.Masaru Emoto did was on Zamzam’s water which he subjected to a stiff and fastidious test. He found out that this water is different than any other type of water on the globe. Interestingly, he noticed that this water has a special interaction and reaction with the Words of Allah, the Almighty;the Glorious Quran recitation on it. Zamzam water gushing through the rocks. Zamzam water still gush non-stop since thousands of year. In the other way, Masaru Emoto brought few drop of Zamzam’s water and recited the Basmalah (In the Name of Allah, the Beneficient,Most Merciful) in Arabic and noticed that the arrangement of the water particles became prettier. In fact, these drops of water formed unique shapes as if they were drawn by a fantastically skilled by artist. Zamzam water is the water that Allah’s Messenger, rinformed us about. There are many verses in the Glorious Quran tell that the reader about the great importance of water for life and living beings. One of the verse is “We made from water every living thing.” The other verse is, “He is Who created the heavens and the earth in 6 Days – and His Throne was over the water – that He might try you, which of you is best in conduct. But if you thou wert to say to them, “Ye shall indeed be raised up after death”, the Unbelievers would be sure to say, “This is nothing but obvious sorcery!” These two verses is an indication to the honor that Allah has given to water that He placed His Throne on top of water at the beginning of the creation.

The molecule that Masaru Emoto found in the Zamzam water has proved the validity of Zamzam water as a sacred water. Zamzam water has a special phsique that makes it advantageous water. Recently, we have realize that the value of the use of amulets. It has been scientifically proven that water is affected by what is recited over. Based on Masaru Emoto finding, he said that he had read in a book that each snowflake falling from the sky is unique. His instincts told him that this was not true. The geometric shape of the snowflake is determined by its chemical composition. The composition of water is well known of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. He not believed about the theory. So, he built a laboratory to determined that the theory is not true. The laboratory consisting of a deep freezer with a regulator and a cold temperature of -7°c. The freezing must be slow, so the atoms have the chance to crystallize into the shape decreed by Allah (SWT). Several microscopes equipped with cameras, so he could photograph the snowflake before it melted. The scientists working in this room wore warm clothing. He took the sample from two different wells. Each sample gave him a different snowflake. Suddenly, a Saudi student at the University of Tokyo meet and asked Masaru what was wrong. Masaru told him his problem. Then, the student give Masaru a sample of Zamzam water so Masaru Emoto can experiment on it. Zamzam water is not affected by withcraft or Jinns, so using it can prove or disprove the whole theory. Emoto took the sample of Zamzam water and found that he could not crystallize it, even by diluting the water 1000. In other words, he turned one cubic centimeter into one liter. He said that when he diluted the water by 1,000 and froze it, he got a uniquely-shaped crystal. Two crystals were formed, one on top of the other, but they assumed a unique form. When he asked his Muslim colleague why there were two crystals, he told him it was because "Zamzam" is composed of two words: "Zam" and "Zam."The molecule of Zamzam water is not decorated painting, but rather it is a snow crystal as it appears under the microscope. He noticed that water takes numerous shapes and forms under specific sound frequencies. Emoto brought few drops of Zamzam’s water and recited the “Basmalah” and noticed that the arrangement of water particles became fantastically beautiful. In fact, these drops of water formed unique shapes as if they were drawn by a fantastically skilled artist. He observed the water particle taking distinct shapes that distinguish them from any other water particles’ shape in the world. besides that, the scientific interpretation of this phenomenon. Any element in the nature is composed of particles that are related to each other by chemical links and very specific shapes that are called molecules. Each molecule consist a number of atom tied to each other to maintain their shape and form.This is one of the wonders found in nature. In the case of water, when we freeze it and examine it under an electronic microscope we can see it in totally different shape. In fact, not even a single atom would resemble another one. This, of course indicates the Monotheism of the Creator, Allah, the Almighty.

In addition, Zamzam water has its own miracle. Due to Zamzam well, the surrounding area flourish and what previously once was a barren wasteland became flourished busy city of Mecca today. The capability of the well to supply huge amount of water drying up each year puzzles researchers and scientist. However to Muslims, it is not surprisingly as it was stated in the Quran that the well will continue to provide water to millions of people until the Day of The Judgement nears. The well has never dried up . It has always fulfilled the demand of water. It has always maintained the same salt composition and taste ever since it came into existence. Water taste different at different places. Moreover, Zamzam water’s appeal has always been universal. This water has never been chemically treated or chlorinated as is the case with water pumped into the cities. Biological growth and vegetation usually take place in most wells. This make the water unpalatable owing to the growth of algae causing taste and odour problems. This small well provides water to millions of people through heavy motors pulling 8000 liters per second and after 24 hours in only 11 minutes complete its level. Thus Zamzam water level never decrease. Millions of pilgrims visit the well each year while performing the Hajj. It was tested by European Laboratories and declared fit for drinking. Meanwhile, Mr. Sani Angaur, the manager of The Haj Research Center said that when they were digging for more wells of Zamzam water, they found the more they take water from the well, the more the amount of water become.

Then, the other speciality of Zamzam water is Zamzam water different with other water. The different of Zamzam water and the other water is the quantity of calcium(Ca) and magnesium(Mg) salts . The content of these calcium and magnesuim was slightly higher in Zamzam water while the common water just made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This may be why this water refreshes tired Haji, but significantly, the water contains flourides that have an effective germicidal actions. No wonder when pilgrims come to Makkah to perform Hajj, they will bring back the Zamzam water for their relatives or friends.

Zamzam water has many benefits that beneficial to others. First and foremost, the Zamzam water is ability to satisfy both hunger and thirst. It was filling and helped as nourish. This powerful ability to quench thirst and fill stomachs remained. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said: “The best water on the face of the earth is the water of Zamzam;it is a kind of food and healing from sickness” . According to the Muslims collection of Hadith, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a Companion (Sahabi), noted that when he first arrived in Makkah during the early days of Islam, not only did he satisfy his hunger and thist but he survived only on Zamzam water for a whole month. More recently, in the last few decades, scientists have collected samples of Zamzam water and they have found certain peculiarities that make the water healthier, like a higher level of calcium. Apart from its ability to serve as satisfying food and drink, Zamzam water’s health benefits are also commented. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessinga be upon him and his family) said that it was a healing from sickness. Zamzam water has an effect of removing toxins from the body. Thus, making it helpful in speeding the process of curing cancer, food poisoning, burns, arthritis, eczema, thyroid dysfunction, mental confusion, high cholestrol, hypertension, SLE, haemorrhoids, and genaralized fatigue . It is healer in every disease. This is why pilgrims to Makkah to this day collect it in bottles to bring for relatives and friends back home who are ill. Besides that, Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) used to carry Zamzam water in pitchers and water skins back to Madinah. He used to sprinkle it over the sick and make them drink. Wahab Ibn Munabbah, who was from the second generation of Muslims, said that “I swear by Him in whose possession my life is, Allah Ta’ala will relieve the person of all illnesses who drinks Zamzam to his fill and will also grant him good health”. During Haji and Umrah, pilgrims are recommended to drink Zamzam water to their fill to quench their thirst. They also continue the tradition of bringing it back for family and friends.

Eventhough Zamzam water is known almost everyone in this world, they is a few controversy erupts over the Zamzam water. Zamzam water from a well in Mecca is considered as a sacred by Muslim pilgrims. Visitors are allowed to bring back small amount but Saudi Arabia has banned any comercial export. However, a BBC investigation has found that large quantities have been sold in shops in London. Tests on water from the well show that it contains high levels of nitrates and arsenic . Undercover reporters were able to buy Zamzam water in Muslim bookshops in Wandsworth and Upton Park and Luton. Posing as a dealer, a reporter also infiltrated a warehouse where bottles were hidden before being sold to shops or directly to customers. Dr Duncan Campbell, president of the Association of Public Analysts, said: “The water is poisonous, particularly because of the high levels of arsenic, which is a carcinogen and can cause cancer. The other controversy is few of west’s people did not believe over Zamzam water. They do not think that the well of Zamzam water is the original source. They said the taste was very earthy. Furthermore, they said that water source in an arid desert so was a precious resource also. As for the healing properties, people gave him Zamzam water to drink but he believe it was actually an Egyptian doctor in Jeddah that diagnosed his condition and probably saved his life. He also advised some ill people to frink camel urine but we would not say that it was “the best medicine on earth”. It was what available at the time.

After I have some research on Zamzam water, my impression towards this water is surprisingly enough that we can not find two identical or even alike crystals of water in the entire world. Zamzam water has a power on cure sickness. This water had given many beneficial to millions people before the century until now and forever. Even in al-Quran had mentioned that the well of Zamzam’s water will provide for the millions people until The Day Of Judgement.There are many Islamic experiments done on water. These tested provided that a person should read onto the water some verses for instance “In the name of Allah, the Beneficient, Most Merciful” before you drink it. Therefore, this in advise to every suffering person to recite verses from al-Quran before drinking any glass of water for 7 days. This is very effective and useful process that improves the immune system of the body.In a nutshell, it becomes clear that we should believe in the Prophet’s miracles, Muhammad SAW that he (SAW) has described by Allah (what meant) “Nor does He speak of (his own) desire. It is only inspiration that is inspired”.

Saturday, April 12, 2014

ISLAMIC ECONOMICAL ISSUES

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS ISSUES

ISLAMIC POLITICAL ISSUES

ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL ISSUES

ISLAMIC SOCIAL ISSUES

Abusing Women
Birth out of Wedlock
Effects of Birth out of Wedlock
Education of Unwed Pregnant Mother
Freedom to Criticize
Gangsterism
Good Manners and Successful Life
Islamic morality is moderate
Islam and Character Building
Islamic approaches to Protect the right of Society
Islam and Terrorism
Legitimate Children
Marriage
Muslimah and Hijab
Neglecting Parents
Over Population
Peer Pressure
Racism
Reason for Birth out of Wedlock
Responsibility in Administration
Single Parent
Security and Community
Social Problems in Malaysia
The Best Character
The impact of television
Women Dresses and its Effects
Women Rights
Working Women
Women Role in Contemporary World
Youth and Social Problems
Zina Islamic Perspective
Photography
Quranic Teacher
To Be A Teacher
Sports Trainer
ESTABLISH SMALL LIBRARY (LIBRARIAN)
FINANCIAL MANAGER
TAILORING
INVESTMENT ADVISOR
MOTIVATOR
SOLDIER
NUTRITION
SHEPHERD
FARMER
ENTREPRENEUR
TYPING SPEED SKILL
TEACHER IN SCHOOL
EVENT MANAGER
ACCOUNTANT
ARCHITECTURE
LAUNDRY
CHEF
RESTAURANT
CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE COMMUNITY
COMPUTER WEBSITE
VIDEO MAKER
QURANIC TEACHING
MANAGEMENT OF TRAINING SCHOOL
BREEDING
CAPACITY OF BUILDING
COMPUTER OPERATIONAL
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
AGRICULTURE MARKETING
MANAGEMENT OF AVIATION OF TRAINING SCHOOL
LIVESTOCK
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TEACHING HOW TO SEW
AGRICULTURE ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
QURAN TEACHING PROJECT
LAND RESOURCES
TEACHING MATHEMATICS
PEST CONTROL
VOCATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL
MUSIC IN ISLAM
MASTER OF REPAIRING TELEVISION
BUSINESS
Agriculture Storage
MEDIA IN TELEVISION
VEGETABLE FARMING
ART OF CALIGRAPHY
FOOD CROP PRODUCTION TO THE SOCIETY
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE COMMUNITY BY TEACHING ENGLISH
FOOD AND CATERING
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
SPECIAL EDUCATION (TEACHING THE DISABLED)
Water Resources
FLOWER ARRANGER
PLANTING PROJECT
SPORTS TEACHING

ISLAMIC SCHOLARS

Monday, April 28, 2014

Scientific

SCIENTIST

Sunday, April 13, 2014

PULMONARY FIBROSIS

The causes of pulmonary fibrosis

The symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis

DRUG-INDUCED PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE

DRUG-INDUCED PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE

The Power of Zamzam Water

Saturday, April 12, 2014