ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the process and product of planning,
designning and construction usually of
buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material
form of building, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as work as art 1 Throughout time, architecture has persisted as
one of the most profoundly important reflections of culture. Whether we
consider monumental structures such as the Roman Coliseum, Notre Dame and Taj mahal
or modern icons such as the Empire State
Building, Syndey Opera House or Guggenheim Museum,
we see each building reflecting the story of the time, and how that iteration
of culture wished to project itself to the future. Architecture also persists
through our infrastructure from bridges to public spaces and even the very
layout of our cities themselves. In this sense, one could consider architects
as being the arbiters of our future history. So how did architecture become so
central to our experience of being human?2 It
requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology,
light and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of
realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and
construction administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically
drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the
structure and behaviour of a building or any other kind of system that is to be
or has been constructed. The word was first used by Baumgarten aesthetics in
1735. According to him, must be separated from the aesthetic beauty because bad
things are acceptable in a beautiful and vice versa.Western culture has
separated the arts and religion. This separation exists with the birth of
secularism. Thus, the art of being an independent.
The concept of the city is often ahead of us. In many parts
of the world, people are urbanising districts much faster than architects and
planners have time, energy and resources to deal with. Thinking about the
future of the city is a critical topic, and one that we need to spend more time
on. The tools we have in terms of thinking about cities are fairly old
fashioned3. We are the inheritors of
modernist planning and are now seeing the such a rapid shift from rural to
urban that these tools are incapable of dealing with new forms of urbanisation.
What is clear is that the whole topic of infrastructure and
infrastructural-urbanisation is a first step to thinking about future cities.
This is an area that requires more attention. In terms of the future of
cities... the big challenges will centre around the questions of extreme
urbanisation, fast urbanisation, climate change and more. We must think very
differently than we ever have done about how we plan cities and move away from
master planning and separation of functions. We have been able to learn a lot
from cities as they've grown organically but now we need new tools and
techniques for imagining the cities of the future. The next area where
technology has had a big impact has to do with the possibilities it opens up
for construction. In the past, either standard products had to be purchased
off-the-shelf- with the limitations they had. The only other option was for
things to be custom made by hand, which was very expensive. Technology has made
it much easier to send information from studio to production. It's now possible
to do mass-customised elements for buildings. In the building process, that
type of potential should definitely lead to better quality in construction...
more possibilities for innovation and, hopefully, more creativity
In
Islam, many leaders had classify architecture as work art. In context architecture
in islam, they highlight it in psycological perspective.There are many opinions
and views expressed by thinkers about art. Each of the figures is the view
according to their approach. Firstly, Herbert Read and Viktor Lowenfeld think
that art education should be based on looking at the psychological aspects of
child development in producing the statement itself. In this context, art
teachers need to see the potential ofboth parties, students and teachers
themselves from aspek motivation, personality and so on. Secondly, Eisner,
education Art and creativity is not available in absolute, rather it should be
built through the learning process. In addition, he is also looking creativity
and abilities of the children are different based on their background and
experience. Based on his research, children who come from low income families
have low ability compared with children instead. In general, there are
many direct and indirect references to different forms of buildings in the
Quran. The verb bana and its derivations recur in many verses and refer to God
as the perfect builder of heaven and other constructions in Paradise, while in
many other verses it applies to what is built by people or to metaphoric uses.
Secondly, Bunyan marsus in Q61:4 1
means a building that its walls are strongly constructed and cemented with well-cut, but it describes metaphorically the array and tenacity of Muslim fighters in holy war. Feldman (1996) argues that arts education as an effort that involves teaching and learning to make and understand art, as well as learn about the world and ourselves through art. Art is meant here is a visual art that covers the entire field. This is because visual art is closely related to nature and the environment, which includes human and humanitarian, cultural and other altiviti that pertain to life. Clearly, art education has a role in all aspects of life whether social, political, cultural and economic.
Opposite to
islamic view, westerners thinker thought that archictecture is all about
emotion building. According to Herbert Read, art is the production that gives
rise to the appearance of happiness, enjoyment and aesthetic pleasure and easy.
Cheerful, fun and aesthetic pleasure are the effects arising from either during
the production of art or enjoy a work of art. Both sides are either artists or
art observers will feel the effects.so this will make life flow fluencely. 2 Next, Clive Bell argues that emotions experienced
when appreciating a work of art is its own emotion and being in a foreign
environment.Concept art has a close affinity with the aesthetics. According to
the Western view, aesthetics means something related to the observation of a
particular area or environment that emphasizes art or beauty, not the aspect of
its use. Basically, according to western art, is a statement-making technique.
Art gives visible form to the latent form, presented in the form of images that
can be seen. In manpun culture, feelings and thoughts can be expressed by art.
Art is the symbol of human essence a group of people in the culture. Crose and Collingwood argue that the art of a
mental image. Ideal objects set out in physical form through the material
generated from real work in the mind of the observer. He actually supports the
idea that art is an imaginative sense statement. This is because he is trying
to distinguish art with craft. Craft in his view an activity change raw
materials into products with a skill that can be learned. 3
The
purpose of Architecture is to improve human life. Create timeless, free, joyous
spaces for all activities in life.Architecture exists to create the physical
environment in which people live. it serves society and improves quality of
life. 1 Architecture should fulfil many
criteria. One of its purposes is to itself. A lot of people believe to some
degree, in the autonomy of architecture as a discipline which means that part
of the purpose of architecture is to construct new forms of knowledge that
relate to the enhancement and advancement of the discipline itself.
Architecture is both an art and a science. I might even take it a step further
and say that it's a important and essential as it is not just art, or just
science... it is more than that. This is a discipline which draws on
psychology, sociology, economics, politics and so many more areas. Architecture
on one hand is considered and art and is studied as such. It is strange in the
sense that architecture is not truly the creation of an individual or
collective for the purpose of research, contemplation or beauty but has the
purpose of responding to functional needs. That takes it beyond the realms of
art into other fields of human existence. 2 What's
important is that we acknowledge architecture as an artistic practice not as
pure science. It is an artistic practice to the extent that it involves new forms
of creativity and creative thinking. At the same time, we are deeply
conditioned by our knowledge of science. Science is not purely seen in a
rationalistic sense, but also in the context of natural sciences. We cannot
then see the worlds of art and science as so inseparable but rather as fields
of available knowledge and practices that are open to us. I think the
relationship of art to practice is very important.
Without
a doubt, architecture is a part of culture- it has been called the mother of all
arts! It is certainly part of how we see ourselves, and part of how we see the
world. The unique aspect of architecture is that in its physical incarnation of
buildings, it may last for hundreds and hundreds of years. Architecture is
created by people! the most successful architecture goes beyond just being a
shed or a box for living... the most important architecture as we look back
over history are buildings or environments that have done so much more in a
variety of ways- be that innovation in building and construction, or buildings
that have pushed the discipline to get us to think about our environment in
different ways, or just incredibly beautiful buildings that have lifted the
human spirit in addition to housing our activities and our lives.3 Many of the practices
of architecture are about the discipline's entanglement in contemporary issues.
The concept of contemporary is one that is fully implicated in contemporary
tradition, practices and ideas. There is therefore a symbolic dimension to
architecture which leads it to become a manifestation of those themes.
Therefore, as a form of art practice... as a cultural production... it is
obviously the manifestation of the spaces within which we see practices and
lives taking place.... exemplars of contemporary life. Whenever you collaborate
on a project which involves multiple agencies and participants- like people
playing jazz together- each player contributes to the tonality, sound and
experience of the overall. In that sense, architecture as a cultural production
has the responsibility to be of them time, but represent the time.... to be the
vehicle through which transformations are made....
There's
definitely a link between the broader concerns of society or the situation we
find ourselves in- and architecture. This often worries me. In recent years
there has been too much misuse of architecture to create a narrative that is
outside the built environment. Many times we see that politicians or other
people seek to build a monument to something, or create a show of power. They
are asking architecture to do things that go beyond what the true values of
architecture are. It's upsetting to me when people say, "..we're going to create a new icon for this
city or this country". 1 An icon is
something that evolves through popular acclaim or acceptance and develops over
time or may be the result of a special event or a moment in history. To ask an
architect to create an icon for a city, or an economic renaissance, is missing
the point. The first purpose of architecture is to create habitat and to fulfil
the needs of society or individuals for places to work and live. 1 The purpose of architecture is not to create a
monument to help someone get elected or to get them on a cover of a magazine.
If it's a side product... that's ok... but if we're looking for iconic
monuments and think we can produce them, I think that's missing the point. The
idea that as an architect works on his own is no longer valid, it's about
teamwork. I work very closely with structural and environmental engineers,
sociologists and people from other disciplines. You move forward as a team.
Probably the most important person in this team is the client! All the
buildings which I could say are the better ones we have done were driven by the
vision of a client who understood what they were trying to aim at.
Without a doubt, buildings are accepted by communities
and imbued with emotions and the appreciation or disdain of people! They are
included in the identity of a people, city or place. I don't think it's
something that an architect or developer can will onto people- it's something
that happens naturally and relates to how people see a building, how they
accept it and... of course... this does lead to discussions around branding and
communications. In this sense, the Empire State Building has become part of the
image and identity of New York and is a source of pride for the people of the city,
and a connection they have to the city's past. It's fair to say that most
people feel affection and appreciation for the Empire State Building. people
speak of the 'Bilbao Effect'. 2 The Guggehem Museum
is a very important part of the city, but there is a misnomer. People often say
that the Guggenheim Museum turned around the City of Bilbao and that Frank
Gehry has turned the city around and created an icon. Well.. that's not exactly
true.... Bilbao was an industrial city that was coming into the 21st century.
All of the city's improvements were based around industries that were decaying
and becoming obsolete. The regional government and city leadership developed a
planned for around 13 different major public works. This included moving the
port from Bilbao down river! These were huge investments which... on a
postcard... are not as obvious as The Guggenheim Bilbao, but which were
fundamental in changing the city. Cleaning the river was incredibly important
and didn't receive as much credit as the Guggenheim.... alongside this you had
the installation of trolleys across the city... conference centres... music
halls... subway system.... all of these things also contributed significantly
to the rejuvenation and rebirth of Bilbao. The
spaces and buildings we love the most instil certain feelings in us that are
often not easy to describe. 3
For
me, I believe that when we talk about architecture, is all about art.
Phylosophy, physical, the way we think, its all about architecture. We create
ourself. We are architect and engineer and decide what we will to be. A good
person or have bad personality. I anm really attracted to islamic perspective.
Question often arises whether the relationship between art and religion of
Islam itself? Query actually has invited debate after debate for centuries.
Then, as a way out of the polemic arising, then the Islamic artists have
created a new dimension in art. Islam is full of art. Islamic art is the
essence of faith. It is a consolidation, Monotheism the Creator. The effects of
Monotheism born beauty and harmonious union that forms its own mold. Through
the basics of the Islamic faith also formed the world that grow organically,
through various transformation processes of adaptation of the elements of
nature. Obviously, Islamic art is formed and firmly attached in the concept of
'faith' itself. For Islam, the religion is not cultural. Each act in the
religion of Islam must be centered on the culture while moving with religious
requirements.This is where there is a clear distinction between Islam and
non-Islamic art. Art in Islam is due to Allah and Islamic art is not solely
concerned with aesthetics without having strong religious ties. Islam requires
its followers to carry out artistic activities in accordance with Islamic
morals. I think one of the key challenges is to make architecture more
relevant. This is very tough as we live within a cultural milieu where the
value of architecture has been diminished. This is in many ways, a cultural
question as much as an education question. We live in a world where the vast
majority of students studying in high-schools have no exposure to architecture.
In some parts of the world, they still have art classes- but there is very
little coverage of the history of architecture and art- and even less about the
organisation of our cities. 1
In
the United States, it's extremely complicated to study architecture. You must
complete a degree, work, then art school for a further 3 to 4 years... When you
finish, you have a lot of debt and the salaries that people receive in this
field are relatively low. It's a field which requires people to be incredibly
passionate and dedicated to their discipline. This is a problem to the extent
that over the years, the value of architecture has decreased. For architecture
schools, the challenge is to train individuals who are not only the most
creative people in their field.... but also who are able to see their future
job opportunities and possibilities in context of a society that appreciates
what they do. Our challenge is not simply to train the best and brightest
individuals. 1
We also are mandated to argue for the importance of architecture, the
importance of design, the value of beauty... outside the community of
architects. With the enhancement of such senses of appreciation, we will create
greater value for architecture and architects. We are also living at a time
where we have the responsibility to design and describe what is contemporary
about architecture. This is not just about having certain know-how but also
having sensitivity to the world around us. That's an immense challenge for the
next generation of practicing architects- to develop a discipline and mode of
practice that is genuinely contemporary in its approach. This sounds simple but
believe me, it's a big task. 2
1-ichard Rogers (Baron Rogers of Riverside) is the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate
2- “Cities for a Small Planet” – and in 1998 was appointed by the Deputy Prime Minister UK
3- news strght times- 25th may 2013
4- al-quran al-karim chapter 61 verse 4
5-Branko Mitrović , In his 2011 book “Philosophy for Architects”
6- the architechture of happiness)by Alain de Botton(Goodreads Author) , published in 2006
7- A Patern languange, Town , Buildings, And Consturcutions by Christopher Alexander published in 2005
8- the 10 books on architechture by vituvius published in 2007
9- Thinking architecture by peter zumthor published in 2005
10- Towards the new architechture by Allain de botton published in 2006
11- green illusions by ozzie zehner published in 2008
12- the love on art of architechture by william lamp published in 2009
13- 101 Things I Learned in Architecture
School by mattew
federick published in 2007
14- Towards the new architechture by Allain de
botton published in 2006
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