Livestock
Blessed is
He who has created a wide range of farm animals that are useful in human life.
If we look at the meaning implied in verse 21 of Al Mukminuun can be seen the
importance of livestock to humans. Imagine, the main livestock products (milk,
meat and eggs) is a highly nutritious animal food needed manusia.Ternak also
useful in religious activities: for example in carrying out sacrificial
worship, needed cattle, sheep or goats. In ancient times the amount of
livestock ownership is also an indication of a person's social status.Livestock
is a commodity that has long been familiar in the daily life of the Muslims. In
the Qur'an there are a few names of farm animals that serve as the name of the
letter, for example female cattle (Al-Baqarah), livestock (Al An'am), and bees
(An-Nahl). There are so many verses in the Qur'an that explicitly mention the
names of farm animals, such as cattle (Surah 2: 67-71, 73; QS. Yusuf: 43),
camel (Surat al-An'am: 144; Al Hajj: 27, 37; Al Ghashiyah: 17), sheep (Surat
al-An'am: 143, 146; An Nahl: 80), goats (Surat al-An'am: 143, An Nahl: 78,
Shad: 23-24 ), poultry (Surah 2:260; 3: 49, 5: 110, 6: 38; 16: 79; 23: 41 and
27: 16; 67: 19), horse (Surah 3: 14; 8: 60 ; 16: 8; 38: 31; 100: 1) .Farm
animals are a source of important lessons in nature because there are a lot of
lessons in life. Look at how God gives the ability to ruminants (cows, goats,
sheep and buffalo) are able to convert grass into meat and milk. Or the ability
of honey bees are capable of converting liquid plant nectar into honey (Surat
an-Nahl [16]: 68-69).Such a large role in spurring economic development farm
people, it is in place sub-sector to the attention of the Muslims.
Livestock
are domesticated animal raised in an agriculture set to produse commodities
such as food,fiber and labour or in simpler understanding is an animal kept on a farm.Livestock are
generally raised for profit.Raising animal is a component of modern agronomic.It has been
practice in many culture since the transition to farming from hunter-gather
lifestyle.Older English sources refer livestock in general as”cattle’as openent
to the word “deer” which then was ased for wild animal which were not owned.
United
States federal legislation sometimes more narrowly defines the term to
make specified agronomic commodities either eligible or ineligible,for a
program or activity.For example,the livestock mandatory reporting act 1999
defines livestock only as cattle,swine and lamb.Howeever 1988 disaster
assistance legislation defined the term as
cattle,sheep,goats,swine,poultry,equine animals used for food or in the
production of food,fish used for food and other animals designated by the
secretary.
Animal rearing has its origin in the transition of culturte to settled farming
communities rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyle.Animal are “domesticated”
when their breeding and living condition are controllrd by humans.Over time,the
collective behaviour,life cycle and physiology of livestock have changed
radically.Many modern farm animal are unsuited to life in the wild.Dogs were
domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago,goats and sheep were
domesticated around 8000 bce in Asia.Swine or pig were domesticated by 7000 BCE
in the Middle East and China.The earliest evidence of horse domestication dates
are around 4000 BCE.
In the 17 and 18 centuries all form of domestic livestock except turkey
are imported at same time.In 1793 ,the first Merino Sheep was imported.Between
1795 until 1815 sheep industry greatly emphasized in New England.In 1810 until
1815 there was a demand for Merino sheep sweeps the country.Meanwhile in
1820.Poland-China and Durok-Jersey swine
are developed and Berkshire swine are imported.In 1840-1860,
Hareford,Ayrshir,Galloway, and jerset cattle are imported and bread.In 1880
cattle industry moves into the western and southwestern Great Plains.In
1886-1887 Blizzard following drought and overgrazing disastrous to northern
Great Plains cattle industry.
Livestock play a vital role in the
agricultural and rural economies of the developing world. Not only do they
produce food directly, they also provide key inputs to crop agriculture. Most
farms in the developing world are too small to justify owning or using a
tractor, and the alternatives are animal power or human labor. For many
smallholder farmers, livestock are the only ready source of cash to buy inputs
for crop production - seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Livestock income also
goes towards buying things the farmers cannot make for themselves. And that
includes paying for school fees, medicine and taxes. Income from cropping is
highly seasonal. In contrast, small stock, with their high rates of
reproduction and growth, can provide a regular source of income from sales. So
can milk and milk products like butter and cheese. Larger animals such as
cattle are a capital reserve, built up in good times to be used when crops are
poor or when the family is facing large expenses such as the cost of a wedding
or a hospital bill.In the past, farmers could restore the fertility of their
land by letting it lie fallow for several years or longer. But as population
pressure increases, fallow periods decline or even disappear and different ways
of maintaining food production are needed: enter the animal.
On a broader
view,livestock refers to any breed or population of animal kept by human for a
useful commercial purpose.This can mean domestic animals,semi-domestic animal
or captive wild animal.Semi-domesticated refers to animal which are only
lightly domesticated or disputed status.This was the type of animal that were
inculeded in this category.Firstly was Alpaca which time of captivity,domestication was between
5000Bc and 4000Bc and area of first captivity, domestication was in Andes.It’s
current commercial uses was meat and wool.Other
animal that have the same commercial uses are Baison for it meat and leather(North America
and domesticated in the late 19th century),cattle(Southwest Asia, India, North Africa
domesticated in 6000BC),dear(uk and domesticated in1st),camel(Asia and domesticated
between 4000 BC and 1400 BC),banteng(Southeast Asia and the time of domesticated was
uknown),dongkey(was domesticated in 4000 BC in Egypt),water
buffalo(South Asia and was domesticated in4000 BC ),sheep(Southwest Asia and
domesticated Between 11000 BC-9000 BC) ,pig(Eastern Anatolia and domesticated
in 7000 BC) and reindeer(Northern Russia in 3000BC).All of this animal are domestic and semi-domestic
animal.Meanwhile for cats and dogs,they were usally kept as a pet and sometimes
were also domesticated for this current commercial use that is pest control,
companionship for cats and pack animal, draught, hunting, herding,
searching/gathering, watching/guarding, meat for dogs.
Livestock are defined by their end purpose are to produce food,fiber and
labour.The economic value of livestock include their meat for the production of
a useful form of dietary protein and energy.Besides
that it also include they fiber. Livestock produce a range of fiber/textiles.
For example, sheep and goats produce wool and mohair; cows, deer, and sheep
skins can be made into leather; and bones, hooves and horns of livestock can be
used.Other economic value of livestock are fertelizer. Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. This is an
important reason why historically, plant and animal domestication have been
intimately linked. Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors,
and can be used as a fuel for fires. The blood and bone of animals are also
used as fertilizer.Other are as a labour. Animals such as horses, donkey, and yaks can be used for mechanical
energy. Prior to steam power, livestock were the only available source of
non-human labor. They are still used for this purpose in many places of the
world, including ploughing fields, transporting goods, and military functions.And
lastly the ecomomic value if livestock are as a land management. The grazing of
livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth. For
example, in areas prone to wild fires, goats and sheep are set to graze on dry
scrub which removes combustible material and reduces the risk of fires.
Farming practices vary dramatically worldwide
and between types of animals. Livestock are generally kept in an enclosure, are
fed by human-provided food and are intentionally bred, but some livestock are
not enclosed, or are fed by access to natural foods, or are allowed to breed
freely, or any combination thereof. Livestock raising historically was part of
a nomadic or pastoral form of material culture. The herding of camels and
reindeer in some parts of the world remains unassociated with sedentary
agriculture. The transhumance form of herding in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of
California still continues, as cattle, sheep or goats are moved from winter
pasture in lower elevation valleys to spring and summer pasture in the
foothills and alpine regions, as the seasons progress. Cattle were raised on
the open range in the Western United States and Canada, on the Pampas of
Argentina, and other prairie and steppe regions of the world. The enclosure of livestock in pastures and barns is a relatively new
development in the history of agriculture. When cattle are enclosed, the type
of ‘enclosure’ may vary from a small crate, a large fenced pasture or a
paddock. The type of feed may vary from natural growing grass, to highly
sophisticated processed feed. Animals are usually intentionally bred through
artificial insemination or through supervised mating. Indoor production systems
are typically used for pigs, dairy cattle and poultry, as well as for veal
cattle, dairy goats and other animals, depending on the region and season.
Animals kept indoors are generally farmed intensively, as large space
requirements would make indoor farming unprofitable and impossible. However,
indoor farming systems are controversial due to the waste they produce, odour
problems, the potential for groundwater contamination and animal welfare
concerns.
Humans have traveled with their livestock to the ends of the earth, and
animal husbandry has transformed the face of the planet. Even as livestock
provide food, these same animals have also introduced humans to new diseases. A 2005 study by
Mark Woolhouse and Sonya Gowtage-Sequeria, infectious disease specialists at
the University of Edinburgh, found that 58% of the 1,407 diseases known to
infect humans were zoonotic that was,they have originated in animals.Example of
this was the Nipah virus,which first was founded in Malaysia in 1999. Epidemiologists
revealed that Nipah was a virus that had never been seen in humans, and
ultimately traced its origins to a family of large bats known as flying foxes. As Malaysia’s
population increased dramatically in the late20th century,5 farmers began
growing mangoes and raising pigs in recently deforested areas. Nipah is
naturally found in the fruit-eating flying foxes, which feasted on the mangoes
planted by farmers. The pigs ate the mangoes that had fallen to the ground,
including those that were contaminated by Nipah-laden bat saliva. The pigs
caught the virus from the bats, and the humans caught the virus from the pigs.These
diseases have spread trough many was suchs as Airborne organisms, which do not
spread far through the air, but this source of infection can be a strong factor
in heavily populated livestock areas.Other way it spread the diseases was contact
with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms such
astrucks and trailer or contact with carcasses of dead animals that have not
been disposed of properly.
Every diseases have the cure and treatment.Same goes to the livestock
industry as many step and cure has been discover to overcome the issue that are
related to livestock diseases. Animal diseases may be tolerated, reduced
through animal husbandry, or reduced through antibiotics and vaccines. In
developing countries, animal diseases are tolerated in animal husbandry,
resulting in considerably reduced productivity, especially given the low
health-status of many developing country herds. Disease management for gains in
productivity is often the first step taken in implementing an agriculture
policy. Disease management can be achieved through changes in animal husbandry.
These measures may aim to control spread using biosecurity measures, such as
controlling animal mixing, controlling entry to farm lots and the use of
protective clothing, and quarantining sick animals. Diseases also may be
controlled by the use of vaccines and antibiotics. Antibiotics in
sub-therapeutic doses may also be used as a growth-promoter, increasing growth
by 10-15%. The issue of antibiotic resistance has limited the practices of
preventative dosing such as antibiotic-laced feed. Countries will often require
the use of veterinary certificates before transporting, selling or showing
animals. Disease-free areas often rigorously enforce rules for entry of
potentially diseased animals, including quarantine.
Though
livestock give a benefit to human it also give impact to the environment.Livestock
production is one of the major causes of the world's most pressing
environmental problems, including global warming, land degradation, air and
water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. For example Deforestation,
greenhouse gases. The
livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land.
Grazing occupies 26 percent of the Earth's terrestrial surface, while feed crop
production requires about a third of all arable land. Expansion of grazing land
for livestock is a key factor in deforestation, especially in Latin America:
some 70 percent of previously forested land in the Amazon is used as pasture,
and feed crops cover a large part of the reminder. About 70 percent of all
grazing land in dry areas is considered degraded, mostly because of
overgrazing, compaction and erosion attributable to livestock activity.At the
same time, the livestock sector has assumed an often unrecognized role in
global warming. Using a methodology that considered the entire commodity chain we
can estimated that livestock are responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas
emissions, a bigger share than that of transport. It accounts for nine percent
of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, most of it due to expansion of
pastures and arable land for feed crops. It generates even bigger shares of
emissions of other gases with greater potential to warm the atmosphere: as much
as 37 percent of anthropogenic methane, mostly from enteric fermentation by
ruminants, and 65 percent of anthropogenic nitrous oxide, mostly from manure. Livestock
production also impacts heavily the world's water supply, accounting for more
than 8 percent of global human water use, mainly for the irrigation of feed
crops. Evidence suggests it is the largest sectoral source of water pollutants,
principally animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, chemicals from tanneries,
fertilizers and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded
pastures. While global figures are unavailable, it is estimated that in the USA
livestock and feed crop agriculture are responsible for 37 percent of pesticide
use, 50 percent of antibiotic use, and a third of the nitrogen and phosphorus
loads in freshwater resources. The sector also generates almost two-thirds of
anthropogenic ammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain and
acidification of ecosystems.
The conculusion that we
can conclude from the topic was,there was many benefit from this livestock
industry such as giving human a source of food as well as help human in their
financial . Animals
are a crucial link in nutrient cycles, returning nutrients to the soil in forms
that plants can readily use. They can bring nutrients from pasture and
rangeland and concentrate them on crop land through their manure and urine. The
animal manure and urine that people in the developed world see as pollutants
are vital fertilizers in the developing world. Few smallholders can afford
enough mineral fertilizers. Animals give farmers a reason to plant legumes as
pastures and cover crops that protect the soil and restore its structure and
fertility.But not all were good as every
Allah creation have its weakness.Livestock sometimes can be disastrous to
humans by bringing life-threatening disease and bring change to the world, such a
dangerous disease and changes in world temperature .Besides that, it leads to
environmental problems, including global warming, land degradation, water and
water plok, and loss of biodiversity.But we cannot blame the animal for making
this changes because they don’t know anything as allah din’t give them “akal”
to thinks.This is all are from the human activity causing the disaster.But as
well as it give disaster to human it also help human in their live.As our
prophet,Muhammad s.a.w was also a shepherd as well as the prophet before him
such as Musa a.s.This was not a dishonourable work to choose because our prophet
use to be one.
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